Poverty in Third World Countries free essay sample

Helping poor people is ethical behavior and everyone should do it in order to continue our lives. Every year, there are millions of people at risk of going hungry. There are ways people can end poverty all around the world. People can eliminate poverty if we work together to fight it and avoid selfishness. Rich countries often give financial aid to poor countries, but it does not solve poverty. People always say they feel sorry for poor people and the rich love them, but they never do their part. People do not prevent themselves from buying things that are not necessary to them. That money could be donated to people who are in need of it. There are many people in rich countries living a luxurious life, while others in poor countries are starving but cannot find anything to eat. People in rich countries are buying more than their needs. For example, many teenagers in developed countries have more than one video game. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty in Third World Countries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People also buy too much clothes that they are not using. The proper way of helping poor people, just give them only what they are need such as foods and money, or educational experiences from developed countries which helps them to change their situations. Food and money are going to run out, but education and experience never run out. The kinds of education and experiences that would help the poor: teaching sustainable agriculture, planting trees, and teaching them how to use their resources. â€Å"Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day; teach him how to fish and he will eat for the rest of his days. † Rich nations must provide poor nations the elements and the possibility to develop themselves. In contrast, Developed nations want poor nations to remain as they are: poor. In order to control them, they have a dependent relationship, and determine their economic situations. In both reading â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics,† and â€Å"The singer solution to world poverty,† they argue about wealth helping the poor. In â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics,† Garrett Hardin suggests that rich countries teach poor countries to â€Å"build their own boat. † Moreover, Hardin explains that poor nations will always be taking food from the Food Bank, which makes them unmotivated to improve their status. In the reading â€Å"The singer solution to world poverty,† Peter Singer states that organizations should take money from rich countries which spend on luxurious items and instead donate it to help needy people. Hardin point is more important because he depicts what is the proper way to help poor nations by helping them to â€Å"build their own boat. † There are three points explain that Hardin’s ideas about the proper way of helping the poor. The first is the homeless have the same opportunity as rich people have, and the rich should help the homeless. The second is people should share their resources with those in hardship situations. The third is developed countries must help undeveloped countries with health, trade, and education, because those are concept of any developing countries. First of all, the homeless have the same opportunities as financial stable people have. Financial stable people should help the homeless. There is a serious problem with the way homeless people are treated. They are not treated as any normal human beings are treated. Within my own experience, I used to contribute to a nonprofit organization called â€Å"FTFT. † This organization seeks to alleviate the suffering of the neediest in our communities, who deal with disease, hunger, and loneliness. The organization visits homeless shelters and assist them in serving their residents. The FTFT gives me the opportunity to meet many homeless people. In the beginning, I was weary of them, but once I treated them I realized that most of them are very kind. However, I had a question. Why don’t the homeless go to find a job as I do? One day, I attempted to find out an answer. I started to ask some of them, why you do not go to find a job in order to change your life’s situations? Moreover, the streets in winter months are very cold. They are not proper for living. Some of the homeless said that they tried many times to look for any job, but they did not find any. The reason is they are trouble to acquire a job without a home address. Furthermore, most of businessmen think that the homeless are untrustworthy people, which become another obstacle, for them to change their life situations. Also, their lack of education becomes a main reason of their problems to find a job. The homeless have been dubbed the outcasts of society. On the other hand, many of the homeless could obtain jobs, but they chose not to. The reason is they always find help from some organizations and individuals, which makes them lazier. The best thing organizations could do with the homeless, organizations give them money and foods and likewise make them contribute in organizations, which gives the homeless opportunities to live normal lives. Indeed, the public should do something, because the homeless are a large part of our society. The public must work together to end their suffering as much as possible. In the essay â€Å"The Singer Solution to World Poverty,† by Peter Singer illustrates that the main idea of how we can end the homeless problems by saying that American people spend almost one third of their income on things not important to them. Additionally, Singer claims that â€Å"By his calculation, $200 in donations would help a sickly two- years-old transform into a healthy six year old, offering safe passage through childhoods most dangerous year. † the government must give the homeless new opportunities to change their lives by finding jobs and educating them which helps them to contribute our community. Also, government should help the other homeless who have mental health problems. As a matter of fact, Natural resources are belonging to humanity. Since we all have to face this is energy crisis, we should share our natural resources justly. This is what should be done with whole countries around the world. All world resources such as oil, coal and natural gas should be distributed equally between rich Countries and poor Countries regardless of borders. Natural resources are not made by humans. They are a part of the planet we all live on. Therefore, these resources should be equally distributed between all countries. In our world, there are many people believe in that all we are humans and we are a part of the planet. I think that this is way it going to be beneficial for the rich countries also, because poor countries have many natural resources such as African countries, but there are lacking of education which made them poor. That is why there are many organizations work worldwide to help the other countries who face a hardship. One of these organizations is the world food bank, which is helping people worldwide. Additionally, UNICEF and Oxfam America are nonprofits organizations are working to help people around the world. In the essay â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics,† by Garrett Hardin states that advantages and disadvantages the world food bank. The advantages are rich countries that have overflowing of their grain deposit, and poor countries would draw independent on what they needs. On the other hand, disadvantages of sharing is selfishness of some countries are asking for more than their needs, or some developed countries do not want to share their resources with others. It means that there will always be someone looking to take advantage of the commons. Hardin asks But does everyone on the Earth have an equal right to an equal share of its resources? † If the answer is yes, why we have some poor countries and some rich countries? To help the destitute nation doesn’t mean giving money to them. As an old proverb goes, â€Å"Teaching a man how to fish is better than giving him a fish. † developed countries should help those poor countries with education, medical and agriculture all of human beings are part of the earth. The public should help each other and make the world better. Developed countries should help undeveloped countries by given them proper experiences and education. Even though numerous countries have many resources, they are still poor, because they are lacking of experience and education. For example, Nigeria has a lot of natural resources such as gold and oil, but it still poor country. The reason is Nigeria has many groups, and each group has a different belief, which makes a war among each other. Moreover, Nigeria does not have enough experience of how they using their resources as well. Developed countries should give Nigeria their experience and proper education instead of money which helps them to change their hardship situations. Hardin asserts that â€Å"The modern approach to foreign aid stresses the export of technology and advice, rather than money and food. Developed countries should help undeveloped countries with health, trade, and education. Many third world countries do not have enough resources. That is why developed countries helping them to improve their live situations from many aspects, For example, health, education, and trade. However, the government of the third world countries should work hard in order to elements poverty in their region. But people find many governments of poor countries do not want to change themselves. They rely on the aids whatever comes from rich countries. Developed countries such as America have share of worlds natural, financial or their resources, but the poor countries must work side by side with rich countries in order to reduce poverty in their counties. The United States launches free educational programs for the third world countries in order to help them to improve their life situation such as upgrading the agrarian. The education is the only way can change a person’s life. An old proverb â€Å"The education is movement from the dark to the light. † That is why education is the best way for helping poor countries.

Invisible Man Essay

Invisible Man Essay Having perception means that one can look deeper than the surface or to analyse an object, statement, or literature. In Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, IM has a problem with analysing the words and actions around him. He is not able to pick up on the real meaning of these words and actions, and therefore misses out on the big picture. IM's lack of perception inhibits him from seeing that Mr. Norton's motives and Dr. Bledsoe's intentions are directed towards their own advancement rather than for the sake of others.At this stage of his life, IM inquires about many ideas, he hungers for knowledge and an understanding of society. He wants to know the way society works and accepts what he sees on the outside, however he does not venture into the deeper or true meaning. IM cannot drill deeper because he fears what he will find out, he may find out that what he has been believing turns out falsely.Nortons kataloger nu i digital formHis maturing mind cannot analyse what goes on around him. Therefore, he does not see beyond the obvious. His constant goal of being accepted by whites blocks his mind from evolving. This happens because he always acts in terms of the white man. He will not do or think anything that could possibly disagree with the whites.Many times IM has failed to see the truth, because he concerns himself too much with impressing whites. He does not see what lies beneath Mr. Norton's skin. IM describes Mr. Norton as having "A face pink like St. Nicholas', topped off with a shock of silk white hair. An easy, informal manner, even with me. A Bostonian, smoker of cigars, teller of polite Negro stories, shrewd banker, skilled scientist, director, philanthropist, forty years a bearer of the white...

Enhancing Organisational Transparency through Talent and Performance Dissertation

Enhancing Organisational Transparency through Talent and Performance Management - Dissertation Example Likert scale method is a type of ordinal measurement that was used in the measurement of the online research respondents’ attitude to each of the given questions related to organizational transparency, talent management, and performance management. As part of the five major categories of the online research respondents’ responses from strongly agree = 5 to strongly disagree = 1. When using the likert scale method, Jamieson (2004) explained that statistical data should be computed using either mode or median when measuring the central tendency of the figures to avoid manipulating the ordinal data. In terms of analyzing the qualitative research findings, strategic ways on how researcher can effectively analyze the qualitative research findings that minimizes the risk of developing bias judgment will be tackled in details. Quantitative Analysis Quantitative data in this study were gathered out of the online survey study. In line with this, a total of 135 randomly selected online research respondents voluntarily agreed to participate in this study. Most of the online survey respondents have been working in middle management (53.7%), senior management (15.7%), and junior management (30.6%) between 2 to 7 years in their current work position. Out of the total online survey respondents, 97% and 3% were UAE nationals and Non-UAE Nationals respectively who are currently working in Dubai government (56%) and semi-government organizations (44%). Because of the long-term exposure of the online research respondents in terms of working in Dubai government and semi-government organizations, the online research respondents are considered highly qualified in terms of providing their personal opinion with regards to the impact of organizational transparency in enhancing the talent and performance management in Dubai. Majority with 64.4% of the total research respondents are female whereas the remaining portion is composed of male respondents who are UAE nationals a nd are currently employed in Dubai’s government departments and semi-government organizations. This study assumed that individuals who are working in Dubai’s government departments and semi-government organizations between the age brackets of 25 to 35 are the ones who are more vocal about the significance of organizational transparency on talent and performance management in Dubai. This assumption is confirmed by the quantitative results given that majority with 65.2% of the total research respondents belong to the said age group. Other online research respondents either belong to age group of less than 25 years old (20%) or between 36 to 46 years old (14.8%). Talent Management Most of Dubai government and semi-government organizations’ employees enjoy the benefit of career improvements as a result of incorporating the importance of learning in working practices. Based on the likert

God called them to adopt and adopt and adopt ( Briefs writting) Article

God called them to adopt and adopt and adopt ( Briefs writting) - Article Example They take in neglected children into their custody despite their lean economic situation. The couple is faced with various hardships in helping children with disabilities. Another couple, Christian and Maureen have also adopted children. The primary issue in the article is child adoption and impact on families. Adoption, especially for a family has children, can be a devastating experience for children would have to share parenting. The situation calls for dedication and love for children. As Christians, the couples in question believe that children should have the best care that can be afforded, thus, they divide their time among all children. Adopting a child is perceived as a noble impression to Christians. However, the action requires much dedication and prayer. Apart from economic strain, adopting older children can be hectic in terms of discipline. This is depicted in Maureen case about the child, Ernesto and Misty’s case on Shon. Consequently, adopting children with disabilities proves to be a difficult task for Misty, who takes in two children, Raena and Olivia who have health problems. The article asserts that the duty to care for children is not based on the condition of the child, but due to the love of the child. The families help the children adopt a different life and fit in their new home. Often, children find it hard to move into a new family. The harmonious relationship between biological and adopted children is key or family stability. Here, the families under consideration trained their biological children on Christian values and their obligations to innocent children. Adoption is a tricky situation that calls for closer evaluation of personal attributes, economic attributes and social considerations. In this regard, the confusion between adopting and not adopting reigns each time they consider adopting another child. However, their opinions coincide when religion is referenced. Parents who neglect their children

Comparison of Saudi Aramco and Shell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Comparison of Saudi Aramco and Shell - Essay Example †¢ Saudi Aramco uses a program that helps the employees focus on ethical behavior within the work place. To sustain itself, it has adopted a flexible and efficient organizational structure to achieve operational excellence. Shell has taken an energy efficiency approach and providing the necessary assistance to its customers.†¢ Saudi Aramco uses a program that helps the employees focus on ethical behavior within the work place. To sustain itself, it has adopted a flexible and efficient organizational structure to achieve operational excellence. Shell has taken an energy efficiency approach and providing the necessary assistance to its customers.Driving forces†¢ In this industry, companies focus on demand and customer satisfaction. In addition, the industry has also placed its focus on launching campaigns aimed at building and further developing the future.Porter’s 5 Forces†¢ The buyers have a strong bargaining power because of their large numbers and the pro ducts are considered to be valuable to the consumers. The supplier power is also high because of the nature and importance of the commodity they are dealing with. There is a moderate threat from substitutes in the industry and competition as well.Generic competition strategy†¢ Saudi Aramco has adopted a low-cost strategy by improving research on the commodity and fulfilling its goals and targets. Shell has placed its focus on reducing the cost of electricity, thereby making the company competitive.Market sizing

The Different Cell Membrane Transport Mechanisms Essay Example for Free

The Different Cell Membrane Transport Mechanisms Essay The different cell membrane transport mechanisms The cell membrane is referred to as a ‘fluid mosaic model’ because the protein part within the cell membrane used to be though of as an even layer spread over the outside and the inside of the phospholipid. Now we are starting to think that it is spread unevenly, more like a mosaic than a layer. The phospholipid part of the cell membrane is fluid; this means that its molecules are constantly moving about. Through the molecules constantly moving about it allows for things such as ‘transient gaps’ to occur, these are gaps within the phospholipids which allow molecules to pass through; they are only temporary. Here is a picture of the fluid mosaic model: [pic] Both water-soluble (hydrophilic) and lipid soluble (hydrophobic) substances are able to pass across the cell membrane. It is easier for lipid-soluble compounds to pass relatively quickly through by dissolving in the lipid layer. Water needs to pass through via osmosis where as water-soluble substances cross the membrane through simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport. Osmosis is thought of as the diffusion of water from an area of high concentration of water molecules to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane. To define osmosis more accurately we define it in terms of water potential. Water potential is a measure of how easy it is for water molecules to move. Diffusion occurs because substances attract a ‘cloud’ of polar water molecules around them. The cloud is held by weak chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds; this means that these water molecules cannot move freely. This is a picture of osmosis: [pic] Inside cells some solutes have a higher concentration inside than outside of the cell, this means in order to make it equal they need to move across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient. This means that they cannot get in by passive transport; passive transport is the diffusion of substances across a membrane, this is a spontaneous process and cellular nergy is not expended. Molecules will move from where the substance is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated. The rate of diffusion for different substances is not always the same even if the process is spontaneous; this is because membranes are selectively permeable. They must enter by way of a process known as active transport. It is called active transport because unlike passive transport it requires cellular energy. Active transport involves sp ecial molecules of the membrane called ‘pumps’. Pump molecules can pick up molecules and transport them to the other side of the molecule; where they are released by the pump. Pump molecules are globular proteins which span the lipid bilayer. The energy needed for active transport is used here; a reaction with ATP is required by the pump molecules to supply the metabolic energy to the process. Membrane pumps are specific to the particular molecules they work within; this is what makes selective transport. Here is a picture of active transport: [pic] Simple diffusion can take place in some of the carrier proteins found in the plasma membrane. Carrier proteins have binding sites which pick up specific molecules. They can only function in one direction and they require energy to change shape and move a solute. Simple diffusion is a passive process; this means that substances move down a concentration gradient and they do not need any input of energy from the cell, the rate of diffusion can be affected by a few things. Such as the difference in concentration between the area of high and the area of low concentration. The distance over which concentration occurs has an affect on the rate of diffusion; for example the thickness of the membrane which separates the areas of high and low concentration. The surface area which separates the area of high concentration from the area of low concentration affects the rate of diffusion. The higher the temperature is the more kinetic energy the particles possess and the faster they move; therefore this affects rate of diffusion. [pic] Facilitated diffusion is when diffusion is speeded up by specific proteins in cell membranes. These proteins are able to pass substances across the membrane faster than usual. Facilitated diffusion occurs along a concentration gradient and requires no metabolic energy, unlike active transport. There are only two types of proteins involved in facilitated diffusion; specific carrier proteins take particular substances, e. g. glucose, from one side of the membrane to the other. Ion channels are protein pores that can open or close to control the passage of selected ions, e. g. sodium and potassium. Facilitated diffusion occurs when molecules such as those that are soluble in water cannot pass through the phospholipids in the bilayer. When this happens they are transported across via the carrier proteins. Solute molecules moving about on either side of the membrane will randomly come into contact with their specific binding site. Once they bind, the protein changes shape and the molecules come off the binding site on the other side of the membrane. [pic] Both carrier proteins and ion channels are used during facilitated diffusion. Carrier proteins transport polar molecules across the membrane. The carrier protein is specific to the diffusing molecule. The molecule binds to the receptor on the carrier protein, and the protein changes shape (after an input of energy). The diffusing molecule ends up on the other side of the cell, where it is released. Ion channels are used for the transport of inorganic ions. They facilitate the diffusion of charged particles. The channels are lined with polar molecules. The charge particles move towards regions of opposite charge. The ion channels are usually specific to one particular ion.

Cold War Essay :: essays research papers

THE COLD WAR The Cold War was a very complex war. Many ideas, conflicts and emotions were going on. This was a major turning point for the word war. War became a much more powerful word. However, this war did bring the people together to work at solutions like none other. We have learned from this experience. The Cold War could have been prevented. Franklin Roosevelt gave Eastern Europe to the Russians at Yalta. When Roosevelt negotiated at Yalta, he was not feeling the pain and needs of the people in Nazi concentration camps and the fire bombings. However the rest of Europe wanted revenge for this. They wanted reparations and a guarantee that this would never happen again. Roosevelt did not give them what they wanted. It could have been prevented if Roosevelt had taken advantage of his negotiating position in Yalta, the Soviets would not have created the buffer zones. If these were not created Russia would be much more vulnerable. Also Russia would have been isolated from Europe by a distance. With its advancements in technology the Soviet Union was fast connecting with Europe. No more was it isolated, it became the center of attention. Had Russia not been invalid with the political struggles of Europe, its power and interest after WW2 would have declined. Even with its nuclear capabilities, Russia would have been far less likely to use such a devastating device, had the country’s political involvement declined to pre-war levels. It was the Iron curtain which brought Russia to the limelight, and it was also Roosevelt who sold the land to Stalin for which he could build his buffer zone. Its somewhat ironic that a buffer zone brought Russia closer to the west. The arms race could have been prevented, but not stopped. It can be explained like this: There are two obvious options to build weapons or to not build. If no power was building then there would be an incentive to build. Once this power starts to build the other powers have no choice but to build (or be completely â€Å"powerless†). There are a way to solve this however. I suggest either there is some policy to not start an arms race. Of course this is difficult to monitor but is better than nothing.

8 Key Element for a Business Model

E-commerce: business. technology. society. E-commerce E commerce Business. Technology. Society gy y Kenneth  C. Laudon Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Ltd. Chapter 5 Business  Models  for  E? commerce Copyright  © 2007Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-2 E-commerce Business Models Business  model d l Set  of  planned  activities  designed  to  result  in  a   Set of planned activities designed to result in a profit  in  a  marketplace Business  plan Describes  a  firm s  business  model Describes a firm’s business modelE commerce  business  model E? commerce business model Uses/leverages  unique  qualities  of  Internet  and   Web W b Slide 2-3 8 Key Elements of Business Model 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Value  proposition Revenue  model Market  opportunity Market opportunity Competitive  environment Competitive  advantage Market  strategy Market strategy Organizational  De velopment Management  team Slide 2-4 1. Value Proposition Why  should  the  customer  buy  from  you? h h ld h b f ? Successful  e? ommerce  value   S f l l propositions: Personalization/customization Reduction  of  product  search,  price  discovery  costs Facilitation  of  transactions  by  managing  product   delivery Slide 2-5 2. Revenue Model How  will  the  firm  earn  revenue,  generate   p profits,  and  produce  a  superior  return  on   p p invested  capital? Major  types: Advertising  revenue  model g Subscription  revenue  model Transaction  fee  revenue  model Transaction fee revenue model Sales  revenue  model Affiliate  revenue  model Slide 2-6 3. Market Opportunity What  marketspace  do  you  intend  to   h k d d serve  and  what  is  its  size?Marketspace:  Area  of  actual  or  potential  commercial  value   in  which  companyà ‚  intends  to  operate in which company intends to operate Realistic  market  opportunity:  Defined  by  revenue   potential  in  each  market  niche  in  which  company  hopes  to   potential in each market niche in which company hopes to compete Market  opportunity  typically  divided  into   M k t t it t i ll di id d i t smaller  niches Slide 2-7 4. Competitive Environment Who  else  occupies  your  intended   h l d d marketspace? p Other  companies  selling  similar  products  in  the  same   marketspace Includes  both  direct  and  indirect  competitors Influenced  by: Influenced by:Number  and  size  of  active  competitors Each  competitor s  market  share Each competitor’s market share Competitors’  profitability Competitors pricing Competitors’  pricing Slide 2-8 5. Competitive Advantage Achieved  when  firm: h d h f Produces  superior  pro duct  Ã‚  or Produces superior product or Can  bring  product  to  market  at  lower  price   than  competitors th tit Important  concepts: p p Asymmetries First? mover  advantage Fi t d t Unfair  competitive  advantage Leverage Slide 2-9 6. Market Strategy How  do  you  plan  to  promote  your   products  or  services  to  attract  your   products or services to attract your target  audience?Details  how  a  company  intends  to  enter  market and  attract  customers Best  business  concepts  will  fail  if  not  properly   marketed  to  potential  customers k d i l Slide 2-10 7. Organizational Development What  types  of  organizational  structures   within  the  firm  are  necessary  to  carry  out   within the firm are necessary to carry out the  business  plan? Describes  how  firm  will  organize  work Typically  divided  into  functiona l  departments As  company  grows,  hiring  moves  from  generalists  to   As company grows hiring moves from generalists to specialists Slide 2-11 8.Management Team What  kinds  of  experiences  and   background  are  important  for  the   background are important for the company’s  leaders  to  have? Employees  are  responsible  for  making  the  business  model   work Strong  management  team  gives  instant  credibility  to   outside  investors Strong  management  team  may  not  be  able  to  salvage  a   weak  business  model,  but  should  be  able  to  change  the   model  and  redefine  the  business  as  it  becomes  necessary Slide 2-12 Insight on Business Online Grocers: Finding and Executing the Right Model g g Class Discussion Slide 2-13 Categorizing E-commerce Business ModelsNo  one  correct  way We  categorize  businessà ‚  models  according  to: We categorize business models according to: E? commerce  sector  (B2C,  B2B,  C2C) Type  of  e? commerce  technology;  i. e. m? commerce Type of e commerce technology; i e m commerce Similar  business  models  appear  in  more  than   one  sector Some  companies  use  multiple  business   Some companies use multiple business models;  e. g. eBay Slide 2-14 B2C Business Models: Portal Search  plus  an  integrated  package  of  content   and  services Revenue  models:   d l Advertising,  referral  fees,  transaction  fees,  subscriptions g p Variations:Horizontal  /  General Vertical  /  Specialized  (Vortal) Vertical / Specialized (Vortal) Pure  Search Slide 2-15 Insight on Technology Can Bing Bong Google? Class Discussion Slide 2-16 B2C Models: E-tailer Online  version  of  traditional  retailer Revenue  model:  Sales Variations: Virtual  merchant Virtual merchant Bricks? and? clicks Catalog  merchant C t l h t Manufacturer? direct Low  barriers  to  entry Slide 2-17 B2C Models: Content Provider Digital  content  on  the  Web News,  music,  video Revenue  models:   Revenue models: Subscription;  pay  per  download  (micropayment);   advertising;  affiliate  referral  fees Variations:Content  owners Syndication S di i Web  aggregators Slide 2-18 B2C Models: Transaction Broker Process  online  transactions  for  consumers Primary  value  proposition—saving  time  and  money Revenue  model:   R d l Transaction  fees Industries  using  this  model: Financial  services Travel  services Job  placement  services Slide 2-19 B2C Models: Market Creator Create  digital  environment  where  buyers   and  sellers  can  meet  and  transact Examples:   Priceline eBay y Revenue  model:  Transaction  fees Revenue model: Transaction fee s Slide 2-20 B2C Models: Service Provider Online  services e. g. Google:  Google  Maps,  Gmail,  etc. Value  proposition   Value propositionValuable,  convenient,  time? saving,  low? cost  alternatives  to   traditional  service  providers t diti l i id Revenue  models: Revenue models: Sales  of  services,  subscription  fees,  advertising,  sales  of   marketing  data marketing data Slide 2-21 B2C Models: Community Provider Provide  online  environment  (social   network)  where  people  with  similar   interests  can  transact,  share  content,  and   , , communicate   E. g. Facebook,  MySpace,  LinkedIn,  Twitter Revenue  models: R d l Typically  hybrid,  combining  advertising, subscriptions,  sales,  transaction  fees,  affiliate  fees Slide 2-22 B2B Business Models Net  marketplaces E? istributor E procurement E? procurement Exchange Industry  consortium Industry cons ortium Private  industrial  network Private industrial network Single  firm Industry? wide Industry wide Slide 2-23 B2B Models: E-distributor Version  of  retail  and  wholesale  store,   , MRO  goods  and  indirect  goods Owned  by  one  company  seeking  to  serve   many  customers Revenue  model:  Sales  of  goods Example:  Grainger. com Slide 2-24 B2B Models: E-procurement Creates  digital  markets  where   participants  transact  for  indirect  goods B2B  service  providers,  application  service  providers  (ASPs) B2B service providers application service providers (ASPs)Revenue  model: Service  fees,  supply? chain  management,  fulfillment   services Example:  Ariba Slide 2-25 B2B Models: Exchanges Independently  owned  vertical  digital   p y g marketplace  for  direct  inputs Revenue  model:  Transaction,  commission  fees Revenue model Transaction commission fees C eate po e u co pet t o bet ee Create  powerful  competition  between   suppliers Tend  to  force  suppliers  into  powerful  price   T d f li i f l i competition;  number  of  exchanges  has   dropped  dramatically d dd ll Slide 2-26 B2B Models: Industry Consortia Industry? wned  vertical  digital  marketplace   open  to  select  suppliers More  successful  than  exchanges More successful than exchanges Sponsored  by  powerful  industry  players Strengthen  traditional  purchasing  behavior Revenue  model:  Transaction,  commission  fees R d l T ti i i f Example:  Exostar Example: Exostar Slide 2-27 Private Industrial Networks Designed  to  coordinate  flow  of  communication   among  firms  engaged  in  business  together fi di b i h Electronic  data  interchange  (EDI) Single  firm  networks Most  common  form   M t f Example:  Wal? Mart’s  network   for  suppliersIndustry? wide  networks Often  evolve  out  of  industry  associations   Often evolve out of industry associations Example:  Agentrics Slide 2-28 Other E-commerce Business Models Consumer? to? consumer  (C2C) eBay,  Craigslist Peer? to? peer  (P2P) Peer to peer (P2P) The  Pirate  Bay,  Cloudmark M? commerce: Technology  platform  continues  to  evolve Technology platform continues to evolve iPhone,  smartphones  energizing  interest  in  m? commerce   pp apps Slide 2-29 Insight on Society Where R U? Not Here! Class Discussion Slide 2-30 E-commerce Enablers: Gold Rush ModelE? commerce  infrastructure  companies   p have  profited  the  most: Hardware,  software,  networking,  security E? commerce  software  systems,  payment  systems Media  solutions,  performance  enhancement CRM  software CRM software Databases Hosting  services,  etc. Slide 2-31 How Internet & Web Change Busi ness E? commerce  changes  industry  structure   g y by  changing: Basis  of  competition  among  rivals Barriers  to  entry y Threat  of  new  substitute  products Strength  of  suppliers Bargaining  power  of  buyers Bargaining power of buyers Slide 2-32 Industry Value ChainsSet  of  activities  performed  by  suppliers,   manufacturers,  transporters,  distributors,  and   f di ib d retailers  that  transform  raw  inputs  into  final   products  and  services   Internet  reduces  cost  of  information  and   Internet reduces cost of information and other  transactional  costs Leads  to  greater  operational  efficiencies,   lowering  cost,  prices,  adding  value  for   lowering cost prices adding value for customers Slide 2-33 E-commerce & Industry Value Chains Figure  5. 4 Slide 2-34 Firm Value Chains Activities  that  a  firm  engages  in  to   create inal  products  from  raw  inputs Each  step  adds  value Effect  of  Internet: Eff fI Increases  operational  efficiency p y Enables  product  differentiation Enables  precise  coordination  of  steps  in  chain E bl i di ti f t i h i Slide 2-35 E-commerce & Firm Value Chains Figure  5. 5 Slide 2-36 Firm Value Webs Networked  business  ecosystem   Uses  Internet  technology  to  coordinate  the   value  chains  of  business  partners l h i fb i Coordinates  a  firm’s  suppliers  with  its  own   C di t fi ’ li ith it production  needs  using  an  Internet? based   supply  chain  management  systemSlide 2-37 Internet-Enabled Value Web bl d l b Figure  5. 6 Slide 2-38 Business Strategy Plan  for  achieving  superior  long? term   returns  on  the  capital  invested  in  a   business  firm   business firm Four  Generic  Strategies 1. Di fferentiation   2. Cost 3. Scope 4. 4 Focus Slide 2-39 Chapter 6 E-commerce Marketing Copyright  © 2010 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-40 Netflix N fli Strengthens and Defends Its Brand Class Discussion Slide 6-41 Consumers Online: Internet Audience & Consumer Behavior Around  70%  (82  million)  U. S. ouseholds  have   Around 70% (82 million) U S households have Internet  access  in  2010 Growth  rate  has  slowed Intensity  and  scope  of  use  both  increasing d f b h Some  demographic  groups  have  much  higher   Some demographic groups have much higher percentages  of  online  usage  than  others   Gender,  age,  ethnicity,  community  type,  income,  education Slide 6-42 Consumers Online: Internet Audience & Consumer Behavior Broadband  audience  vs. dial? up  audience Purchasing  behavior  affected  by   neighborhood Lifestyle  and  sociological  impa cts Use  of  Internet  by  children,  teens Use  of  Internet  as  substitute  for  other  social  activitiesMedia  choices Traditional  media  competes  with  Internet  for  attention Traditional media competes with Internet for attention Slide 6-43 Consumer Behavior Models Study  of  consumer  behavior Social  science   Attempts  to  explain  what  consumers  purchase   Attempts to explain what consumers purchase and  where,  when,  how  much  and  why  they  buy Consumer  behavior  models Predict  wide  range  of  consumer  decisions Predict wide range of consumer decisions Based  on  background  demographic  factors  and   other  intervening,  more  immediate  variables   h i i i di i bl Slide 6-44 General Model of Consumer Behavior Figure  6. Slide 6-45 Background Demographic Factors Culture:  Broadest  impact Subculture  (ethnicity,  age,  lifestyle,  geography) S b lt ( th i it lif t l h ) Social Reference  groups Direct  Ã‚  reference  groups g p Indirect  reference  groups Opinion  leaders  (viral  influencers) Lifestyle  groups   f l Psychological Psychological  profiles Slide 6-46 Online Purchasing Decision Psychographic  research Combines  demographic  and  psychological  data Combines demographic and psychological data Divides  market  into  groups  based  on  social  class,  lifestyle,   and/or  personality  characteristics and/or personality characteristicsFive  stages  in  the  consumer  decision  process: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Awareness  of  need Search  for  more  information Evaluation  of  alternatives Actual  purchase  decision Actual purchase decision Post? purchase  contact  with  firm Slide 6-47 Consumer D i i C Decision Process & P Supporting Communications Figure  6. 3 Slide 6-48 Model of Online Consumer Behavior Decision   process  similar  for  online  and  offline   behavior General  online  behavior  model Consumer  skills Product  characteristics Attitudes  toward  online  purchasing Perceptions  about  control  over  Web  environment p Web  site  featuresClickstream  behavior:  Transaction  log  for   Clickstream behavior: Transaction log for consumer  from  search  engine  to  purchase Slide 6-49 Model of Online Consumer Behavior Figure  6. 4 Slide 6-50 Model of Online Consumer Behavior Clickstream  factors  include: Number  of  days  since  last  visit Number of days since last visit Speed  of  clickstream  behavior Number  of  products  viewed  during  last  visit b f d i dd i l ii Number  of  pages  viewed Supplying  personal  information Number  of  days  since  last  purchase Number  of  past  purchasesClickstream  marketing Clickstream marketing Slide 6-51 Shoppers: B rowsers & Buyers Shoppers:  87%  of  Internet  users 72%  buyers 72% buyers 16%  browsers  (purchase  offline) One? third  offline  retail  purchases  influenced  by   O thi d ffli t il h i fl db online  activities Online  traffic  also  influenced  by  offline  brands  and   shopping pp g E? commerce  and  traditional  commerce  are  coupled: part  of  a  continuum  of  consuming  behavior part of a continuum of consuming behavior Slide 6-52 Online Shoppers & Buyers Figure  6. 5 Slide 6-53What Consumers Shop & Buy Online Big  ticket  items  ($500  plus) Travel,  computer  hardware,  consumer  electronics Expanding   Consumers  more  confident  in  purchasing  costlier  items Small  ticket  items  ($100  or  less) ($ ) Apparel,  books,  office  supplies,  software,  etc. Sold  by  first  movers  on  Web Sold by first movers on Web Physically  small  i tems High  margin  items   Broad  selection  of  products  available Slide 6-54 What Consumers Buy Online Figure  6. 6 Slide 6-55 Intentional Acts: How Shoppers Find Vendors Online pp Search  engines  (59%) S h i (59%) Coupon  Web  sites  (29%) Coupon Web sites (29%) Comparison  shopping  sites  (27%) E? ail  newsletters  (25%) Online  shoppers  are  highly  intentional,   looking  for  specific  products,  companies,   services Slide 6-56 Table  6. 6 Slide 6-57 Trust, Utility, Opportunism in Online Markets Two  most  important  factors  shaping  decision   Two most important factors shaping decision to  purchase  online: Utility:   U ili Better  prices,  convenience,  speed Trust: Asymmetry  of  information  can  lead  to  opportunistic   behavior  by  sellers Sellers  can  develop  trust  by  building  strong  reputations   for  honesty,  fairness,  delivery   Slide 6-58 Basic Marketing Concepts MarketingStrategies  and  actions  to  establish  relationship   Strategies and actions to establish relationship with  consumer  and  encourage  purchases  of   p products  and  services Addresses  competitive  situation  of  industries  and   firms Seeks  to  create  unique,  highly  differentiated   products  or  services  that  are  produced  or  supplied   by  one  trusted  firm Unmatchable  feature  set Avoidance  of  becoming  commodity Slide 6-59 Feature Sets Three  levels  of  product  or  service 1. Core  product e. g. cell  phone g p 2. Actual  product Characteristics  that  deliver  core  benefits Ch t i ti th t d li b fit e. g. wide  screen  that  connects  to  Internet 3. Augmented  productAdditional  benefits Basis  for  building  the  product’s  brand e. g. product  warranty Slide 6-60 Featu re Set Figure  6. 7 Slide 6-61 Products, Brands & Branding Process Brand: Expectations  consumers  have  when  consuming,  or   thinking  about  consuming,  a  specific  product Most  important  expectations:  Quality,  reliability,   Most important expectations: Quality reliability consistency,  trust,  affection,  loyalty,  reputation Branding:  Process  of  brand  creation Branding: Process of brand creation Closed  loop  marketing Brand  strategy Brand  equity Brand eq it Slide 6-62 Marketing A ti iti M k ti Activities: From Products to Brands Figure  6. 8Slide 6-63 STP: Segmenting, Targeting, Positioning Major  ways  used  to  segment,  target  customers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Behavioral B h i l Demographic Psychographic h hi Technical Contextual Search Within  segment,  product  is  positioned and  branded  as   a  unique,  high? value  product,  especially  suited  to   q g p p y ne eds  of  segment  customers Slide 6-64 Are Brands Rational? For  consumers,  a  qualified  yes: Brands  introduce  market  efficiency  by  reducing  search  and   decision? making  costs For  business  firms,  a  definite  yes: A  major  source  of  revenue Lower  customer  acquisition  cost Increased  customer  retention Successful  brand  constitutes  a  long? asting  (though  not   necessarily  permanent)  unfair  competitive  advantage Slide 6-65 Can Brands Survive Internet? Brands & Price Dispersion p Early  postulation:   Law  of  One  Price ;  end  of  brands Early postulation: â€Å"Law of One Price†; end of brands Instead: Consumers  still  pay  premium  prices  for  differentiated   products E? commerce  firms  rely  heavily  on  brands  to  attract   customers  and  charge  premium  prices Substantial  price  dispersion Large  differences  in  price  sensitivity  for  same  product Large differences in price sensitivity for same product â€Å"Library  effect† Slide 6-66Revolution in Internet Marketing Technology Three  broad  impacts: Scope  of  marketing  communications  broadened   Richness  of  marketing  communications  increased g Information  intensity  of  marketplace  expanded Internet  marketing  technologies: Internet marketing technologies: Web  transaction  logs Cookies  and  Web  bugs Cookies and Web bugs Databases,  data  warehouses,  data  mining Advertising  networks Customer  relationship  management  systems Slide 6-67 Web Transaction LogsBuilt  into  Web  server  software Record  user  activity  at  Web  site y Webtrends:  Leading  log  analysis  tool Provides  much  marketing  data,  especially  Ã‚   Provides much marketing data especially combined  with: Registratio n  forms R i i f Shopping  cart  database Answers  questions  such  as: What  are  major  patterns  of  interest  and  purchase? After  home  page,  where  do  users  go  first? Second? Slide 6-68 Cookies & Web Bugs Cookies: Small  text  file  Web  sites  place  on  visitor’s  PC  every  time   they  visit,  as  specific  pages  are  accessed Provide  Web  marketers  with  very  quick  means  of   identifying  customer  and  understanding  prior  behavior Flash  cookiesWeb  bugs: Tiny  (1  pixel)  graphics  embedded  in  e mail  and  Web  sites Tiny (1 pixel) graphics embedded in e? mail and Web sites Used  to  automatically  transmit  information  about  user  and   page being viewed to monitoring server page  being  viewed  to  monitoring  server Slide 6-69 Insight on Society g y Every Move You Make, Every Click You Make, Weâ₠¬â„¢ll Be Tracking You , g Class Discussion Slide 6-70 Databases Database:  Ã‚  Stores  records  and  attributes Database  management  system  (DBMS):   Software  used  to  create,  maintain,  and  access  databasesSQL  (Structured  Query  Language): Industry? standard  database  query  and  manipulation  language  used  in   y q y p g g a  relational  database Relational  database: Represents  data  as  two? dimensional  tables  with  records  organized  in   rows  and  attributes  in  columns;  data  within  different  tables  can  be   flexibly  related  as  long  as  the  tables  share  a  common  data  element flexibly related as long as the tables share a common data element Slide 6-71 Relational Database View of E-commerce Customers Figure  6. 12 Slide 6-72 Data Warehouses & Data Mining Data  warehouse:Collects  firm s  transactional  and  custom er  data  in  single   Collects firm’s transactional and customer data in single location  for  offline  analysis  by  marketers  and  site   managers Data  mining: Analytical  techniques  to  find  patterns  in  data,  model   Analytical techniques to find patterns in data model behavior  of  customers,  develop  customer  profiles Query? driven  data  mining Query driven data mining Model? driven  data  mining Rule? based  data  mining l b dd Collaborative  filtering Slide 6-73 Data Mining & Personalization Figure  6. 13 Slide 6-74 Insight on TechnologyThe Long T il Big Hits and Big Misses Th L Tail: Bi Hi d Bi Mi Class Discussion Slide 6-75 Customer Relationship Management ( (CRM) Systems ) y Record  all  contact  that  customer  has  with  firm Generates  customer  profile  available  to  everyone  in firm  with  need  to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"know  the  customer† fi ith d t â€Å"k th t † Customer profiles can contain: ustomer  profiles  can  contain: Map  of  the  customer’s  relationship  with  the  firm Product  and  usage  summary  data Demographic  and  psychographic  data Profitability  measures Contact  history   Contact history Marketing  and  sales  information Slide 6-76Customer Relationship Management System Figure  6. 14 Slide 6-77 Market Entry Strategies Figure  6. 15 Slide 6-78 Establishing Customer Relationship Advertising  Networks Banner  advertisements Ad  server  selects  appropriate  banner  ad  based  on   Ad server selects appropriate banner ad based on cookies,  Web  bugs,  backend  user  profile   databases Permission  marketing Permission marketing Affiliate  marketing g Slide 6-79 How Advertising Network Works e. g. , DoubleClick Figure  6. 16 Slide 6-80 Establishing Customer Relationship (cont’d) Viral  marketingGett ing  customers  to  pass  along  company’s  marketing   message  to  friends,  family,  and  colleagues Blog  marketing Using  blogs  to  market  goods  through  commentary  and   U i bl k d h h d advertising Social  network  marketing,  social  shopping   Mobile  marketing Mobile marketing Slide 6-81 Insight on Business Social Network Marketing: Let’s Buy Together Class Discussion Slide 6-82 Establishing Customer Relationship (cont’d) Wisdom  of  crowds  (Surowiecki,  2004) ( , ) Large  aggregates  produce  better  estimates  and  judgments Examples:   E l Prediction  markets Folksonomies Social  tagging Social taggingBrand  leveraging Slide 6-83 Customer Retention: Strengthening Customer Relationship p Mass  marketing Mass marketing Direct  marketing Micromarketing   Micromarketing Personalized,  one? to? one  marketing  Ã‚   Segmenting  market  on  precise  a nd  timely  understanding  of   Segmenting market on precise and timely understanding of individual’s  needs Targeting  specific  marketing  messages  to  these  individuals Positioning  product  vis? a? vis  competitors  to  be  truly  unique Personalization Can  increase  consumers  sense  of  control,  freedom Can  also  result  in  unwanted  offers  or  reduced  anonymity Slide 6-84Mass Market-Personalization Continuum Figure  6. 17 Slide 6-85 Other Customer Retention Marketing Technics Customization Customer  co? production Transactive  content:   Combine  traditional  content  with  dynamic  information   tailored  to  each  user’s  profile Customer  service FAQs Q Real? time  customer  service  chat  systems Automated  response  systems Automated response systems Slide 6-86 Net Pricing Strategies Pricing Integral  part  of  marketing  strategy I t l t f k ti t t Traditionally  based  on:   Fixed  cost   Variable  costs   Demand  curve Price  discrimination Price discriminationSelling  products  to  different  people  and  groups   based  on  willingness  to  pay Slide 6-87 Net Pricing Strategies (cont’d) Free  and  freemium Can  be  used  to  build  market  awareness Versioning Creating  multiple  versions  of  product  and  selling   essentially  same  product  to  different  market  segments   at  different  prices at different prices Bundling Offers  consumers  two  or  more  goods  for  one  price Off t d f i Dynamic  pricing: Auctions Yield  management Slide 6-88 Channel Management Strategies Channels: Different  methods  by  which  goods  can  be  distributed  and   soldChannel  conflict: When  new  venue  for  selling  products  or  services  threatens   gp or  destroy s  existing  sales  venues E. g. online  airline/travel  services  and  Ã‚  traditional  offline   travel  agencies Some  manufacturers  are  using  partnership   gp p model  to  avoid  channel  conflict   Slide 6-89 Chapter 7: E-commerce Marketing Communications Chapter 7 E-commerce Advertising Copyright  © 2010 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 7-90 Video Ads: Shoot, Click, Buy Class Discussion Slide 7-91 Marketing Communications Two  main  purposes:Sales  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ promotional  sales  communications   Branding  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ b di B di branding  communications i i Online  marketing  communications Online marketing communications Takes  many  forms Online  ads,  e? mail,  public  relations,  Web   sites Slide 7-92 Online Advertising li d i i $25  billion,  15%  of  all  advertising Advantages: Internet  is  where  audience  is  moving g Ad  targeting Greater  opp ortunities  for  interactivity Greater opportunities for interactivity Disadvantages: Cost  versus  benefit How  to  adequately  measure  results Supply  of  good  venues  to  display  ads Slide 7-93 Online Advertising from 2002-2014 Figure  7. Slide 7-94 Forms of Online Advertisements Display  ads Rich  media Video  ads Search  engine  advertising Social  network,  blog,  and  game  advertising Social network blog and game advertising Sponsorships Referrals  (affiliate  relationship  marketing) E? mail  marketing g Online  catalogs Slide 7-95 Display Ads Banner  ads Rectangular  box  linking  to  advertiser’s  Web  site IAB  guidelines e. g. Full  banner  is  468  x  60  pixels,  13K e g Full banner is 468 x 60 pixels 13K Pop? up  ads Appear  without  user  calling  for  them Provoke  negative  consumer  sentiment g Twice  as  effective  as  normal  banner  ads Pop? nder  ads:  Open  beneath  browser  window Pop under ads: Open beneath browser window Slide 7-96 Rich Media Ads Use  Flash,  DHTML,  Java,  JavaScript About  7%  of  all  online  advertising  expenditures Tend  to  be  more  about  branding d b b b di Boost  brand  awareness  by  10% Boost brand awareness by 10% IAB  standards  limit  length Interstitials Superstitials Slide 7-97 Video Ads Fastest  growing  form  of  online  advertisement IAB  standards Linear  video  ad Non? linear  video  ad In? banner  video  ad In? text  video  ad Ad placement Advertising  networks Advertising  exchanges Banner  swappingSlide 7-98 Search Engine Advertising h i d i i Almost  50%  of  online  ad  spending  in  2010 Types: Paid  inclusion  or  rank Paid inclusion or rank Inclusion  in  search  results Sponsored  link  areas p Keyword  advertising e. g. Google  AdWords e g Google AdWords Network  keyword  advertising  (context   advertising) d ii ) e. g. Google  AdSense Slide 7-99 Search Engine Advertising (cont’d) Nearly  ideal  targeted  marketing Nearly ideal targeted marketing Issues:   Disclosure  of  paid  inclusion  and  placement   practices Click  fraud   Ad  nonsense   Slide 7-100 Mobile Advertising Half  of  U. S.Internet  users  access  Internet   Half of U. S. Internet users access Internet with  mobile  devices Currently  small  market,  but  fastest   growing  platform  (35%) growing platform (35%) Google  and  Apple  in  race  to  develop   Google and Apple in race to develop mobile  advertising  platform AdMob,  iAd Slide 7-101 Sponsorships & Referrals Sponsorships Paid  effort  to  tie  advertiser s  name  to   Paid effort to tie advertiser’s name to particular  information,  event,  venue  in  a  way   that  reinforces  brand  in  positive  yet  not  overtly   that reinforces brand in positive yet not overtly commercial  manner ReferralsAffiliate  relationship  marketing p g Permits  firm  to  put  logo  or  banner  ad  on   another  firm’s  Web  site  from  which  users  of   th fi ’ W b it f hi h f that  site  can  click  through  to  affiliate’s  site Slide 7-102 E-mail Marketing & Spam Explosion Direct  e? mail  marketing   Low  cost,  primary  cost  is  purchasing  addresses Spam:  Unsolicited  commercial  e? mail Spam: Unsolicited commercial e mail Approx. 90%  of  all  e? mail Efforts  to  control  spam: Technology  (filtering  software)   Government  regulation  (CAN? SPAM  and  state  laws) Voluntary  self? regulation  by  industries  (DMA  ) y g y Volunteer  efforts Slide 7-103Percentage of E-mail That Is Spam Figure 7. 6 Slide 7-104 Online Catalogs Equivalent  of  paper? based  catalogs Graphics? intense;  use  increasing  with  increase   in  broadband  use in broadband use Two  types: 1. 2. 2 Full? page  spreads,  e. g. Landsend. com Grid  displays,  e. g. Amazon Grid displays e g Amazon In  general,  online  and  offline  catalogs   complement  each  other Slide 7-105 Social Marketing â€Å"Many? to? many†Ã‚  model Uses  digitally  enabled  networks  to  spread  ads Blog  advertising   Blog advertising Online  ads  related  to  content  of  blogs Social  network  advertising:   Social network advertising:Ads  on  MySpace,  Facebook,  YouTube,  etc. Game  advertising:   G d ti i Downloadable  Ã¢â‚¬Å"advergames† Placing  brand? name  products  within  games Slide 7-106 Insight on Society g y Marketing to Children of the Web in the Age of Social Networks g Class Discussion Slide 7-107 Behavioral Targeting Interest? based  advertising Data  aggregators  develop  profiles Data aggregators develop profiles Search  engine  queries Online  browsing  history O li b i hi Offline  data  (income,  education,  etc. ) d Information  sold  to  3rd party  advertisers,  who  deliver   ads  based  on  profile Ad  exchanges Privacy  concerns acy co ce s Consumer  resistance Slide 7-108Mixing Off-line & Online Marketing Communications g Most  successful  marketing  campaigns   M t f l k ti i incorporate  both  online  and  offline  tactics Offline  marketing Drive  traffic  to  Web  sites Drive traffic to Web sites Increase  awareness  and  build  brand  equity Consumer  behavior  increasingly  multi? channel 60%  consumers  research  online  before  buying  offline % y g Slide 7-109 Insight on Business g Are the Very Rich Different From You and Me? Class Discussion Sl ide 7-110 Online Marketing Metrics: Lexicon Measuring  audience  size  or  market  share Impressions I i Click? through  rate  (CTR) View? hrough  rate  (VTR) Vi th h t (VTR) Hits Page  views P i Stickiness  (duration) Unique  visitors Loyalty Reach Recency Slide 7-111 Online Marketing Metrics (cont’d) Conversion  of  visitor   Conversion of visitor to  customer Acquisition  rate q Conversion  rate Browse? to? buy? ratio View? to? cart  ratio Vi t t ti Cart  conversion  rate Checkout  conversion  rate   Checkout conversion rate Abandonment  rate Retention  rate Attrition  rate E mail  metrics E? mail metrics Open  rate Delivery  rate Delivery rate Click? through  rate   (e mail) (e? mail) Bounce? back  rate Slide 7-112 Online Consumer Purchasing ModelFigure  7. 8 Slide 7-113 How Well Does Online Adv. Work? Ultimately  measured  by  ROI  on  ad  campaign Highest  click? through  rates:  Searc h  engine  ads,   Permission  e mail  campaigns Permission e? mail campaigns Rich  media,  video  interaction  rates  high Online  channels  compare  favorably  with  traditional Most  powerful  marketing  campaigns  use  multiple   Most powerful marketing campaigns use multiple channels,  including  online,  catalog,  TV,  radio,   newspapers,  stores newspapers, stores Slide 7-114 Comparative Returns on Investment Figure  7. 9 Slide 7-115 Costs of Online Advertising Pricing  modelsBarter Cost  per  thousand  (CPM) Cost  per  click  (CPC)   Cost  per  action  (CPA)   Cost per action (CPA) Online  revenues  only Sales  can  be  directly  correlated Sales can be directly correlated Both  Ã‚  online/offline  revenues Offline  purchases  cannot  always  be  directly  related  to  online   Offli h t l b di tl l t dt li campaign In  general,  online  marketing  more   expensive  on  CPM   In general online marketing more expensive on CPM basis,  but  more  effective Slide 7-116 Web Site Activity Analysis b i i i l i Figure  7. 10 Slide 7-117 Insight on Technology It’s 10 P. M. Do You Know Who Is On Your Web Site? Class Discussion Slide 7-118Web Site †¦ as Marketing Communications Tool g Web  site  as  extended  online  advertisement W b i d d li d i Domain  name:  An  important  role   Domain name: An important role Search  engine  optimization:   Search engine optimization: Search  engines  registration Keywords  in  Web  site  description K d i W b it d i ti Metatag  and  page  title  keywords Links  to  other  sites k h Slide 7-119 Web Site Functionality b i i li Main  factors  in  effectiveness  of  interface Utility Ease  of  use Top  factors  in  credibility  of  Web  sites: Top factors in credibility of Web sites: Design  look Info rmation  design/structure g / Information  focusOrganization  is  important  for  first time  users,  but   Organization is important for first? time users but declines  in  importance Information content becomes major factor attracting Information  content  becomes  major  factor  attracting   further  visits Slide 7-120 Factors in Credibility of Web Sites Figure  7. 11 Slide 7-121 Table  7. 9 Slide 7-122 Chapter 8: Ethical, Social, and Political Issues in E-commerce E commerce Chapter 8 Ethics, Law, E-commerce Copyright  © 2010 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-123 Ethical, Social, Political Issues in E-commerceInternet,  like  other  technologies,  can: Internet like other technologies can: Enable  new  crimes Affect  environment Threaten  social  values Costs  and  benefits  must  be  carefully   considered,  especially  when  there  are  no   id d i ll h h g g clear? c ut  legal  or  cultural  guidelines Slide 8-124 Model for Organizing Issues Issues  raised  by  Internet  and  e? commerce  can  be  viewed  at  individual,   social,  and  political  levels social and political levels Four  major  categories  of  issues: Four major categories of issues: Information  rights Property  rights Property rights Governance Public  safety  and  welfare Slide 8-125Moral Dimensions of Internet Society M l Di i f I S i Figure  8. 1 Slide 8-126 Basic Ethical Concepts i hi l Ethics Study  of  principles  used  to  determine  right  and  wrong  courses  of   action Responsibility p y Accountability Liability Laws  permitting  individuals  to  recover  damages Due  process Laws  are  known,  understood Laws are known understood Ability  to  appeal  to  higher  authorities  to  ensure  laws  applied  correctly Slide 8-127 Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas l i hi l il Process  for  analyzing  ethical  dilemmas: 1. 2. 3. 3 4. 5. Identify  and  clearly  describe  the  facts Define  the  conflict  or  dilemma  and  identify  the   y higher? rder  values  involved Identify  the  stakeholders Identify the stakeholders Identify  the  options  that  you  can  reasonably   take t k Identify  the  potential  consequences  of  your   options Slide 8-128 Candidate Ethical Principles Golden  Rule Universalism Slippery  Slope Collective  Utilitarian  Principle Risk  Aversion Ri k A i No  Free  Lunch The  New  York  Times  Test The  Social  Contract  Rule Slide 8-129 Privacy & Information Rights Privacy: Moral  right  of  individuals  to  be  left  alone,  free   from  surveillance  or  interference  from  other   individuals  or  organizations Information  privacy p y Subset  of  privacy Includes:The  claim  th at  certain  information  should  not  be   collected  at  all The  claim  of  individuals  to  control  the  use  of  whatever   h l i f i di id l l h f h information  is  collected  about  them Slide 8-130 Privacy & Information Rights (cont. ) Major  ethical  issue  related  to  e? commerce   and  privacy:   d i Under  what  conditions  should  we  invade  the   privacy  of  others? Major  social  issue:   j Development  of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"expectations  of  privacy†Ã‚  and   privacy  norms privacy norms Major  political  issue: Development  of  statutes  that  govern  relations   D l t f t t t th t l ti between  recordkeepers  and  individuals Slide 8-131 Information Collected at E-commerce SitesData  collected  includes Personally  identifiable  information  (PII) Anonymous  information Anonymous information Types  of  data  collected yp Name,  a ddress,  phone,  e? mail,  social  security Bank  and  credit  accounts,  gender,  age,  occupation,   B k d di d i education Preference  data,  transaction  data,  clickstream  data,   browser  type Slide 8-132 Social Networks & Privacy Social  networks Encourage  sharing  personal  details Pose  unique  challenge  to  maintaining   privacy Facebook s  Beacon  program Facebook’s Beacon program Facebook s  Terms  of  Service  change Facebook’s Terms of Service change Slide 8-133 Profiling & Behavioral Targeting ProfilingCreation  of  digital  images  that  characterize  online  individual  and   group  behavior Anonymous  profiles A fil Personal  profiles Personal profiles Advertising  networks Track  consumer  and  browsing  behavior  on  Web T k db i b h i W b Dynamically  adjust  what  user  sees  on  screen Build  and  refresh  profiles  of  consumers Google’s AdWords program Slide 8-134 Profiling & Behavioral Targeting (cont’d) Deep  packet  inspection Business  perspective: Web  profiling  serves  consumers  and  businesses Increases  effectiveness  of  advertising,  subsidizing  free   content Enables  sensing  of  demand  for  new  products  and  services Critics  perspective:Undermines  expectation  of  anonymity  and  privacy Consumers  show  significant  opposition  to  unregulated   collection  of  personal  information Enables  weblining Slide 8-135 Internet & Government Invasions of Privacy Various  laws  strengthen  ability  of  law  enforcement   agencies  to  monitor  Internet  users  without   i i I ih knowledge  and  sometimes  without  judicial  oversight CALEA,  PATRIOT  Act,  Cyber  Security  Enhancement  Act,   Homeland  Security  Act Government  agencies  are  largest  users  of  private   sector  commercial  data  brokers sector commercial data brokers Retention  by  ISPs  of  user  data  a  concern Slide 8-136Legal Protections In  U. S. ,  privacy  rights  explicitly  granted  or   derived  from Constitution   Constitution First  Amendment  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ freedom  of  speech  and  association Fourth  Amendment  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ unreasonable  search  and  seizure F th A d t bl h d i Fourteenth  Amendment  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ due  process Specific  statutes  and  regulations  (federal  and   Specific statutes and regulations (federal and state) Common  law Slide 8-137 Informed Consent U. S. firms  can  gather  and  redistribute   transaction  information  without  individual’s   i i f i ih i di id l’ informed  consent Illegal  in  Europe Informed  consent: Opt? in   Opt out Opt? out Many  U. S. ? commerce  firm s  merely  publish  information   p practices  as  part  of  privacy  policy  without  providing  for   p p yp y p g any  form  of  informed  consent Slide 8-138 FTC’s Fair Information Practices Principles Federal  Trade  Commission: Federal Trade Commission: Conducts  research  and  recommends  legislation  to  Congress Fair  Information  Practice  Principles  (1998): Fair Information Practice Principles (1998): Notice/Awareness  (Core) Choice/Consent  (Core) Choice/Consent (Core) Access/Participation Security Enforcement Guidelines,  not  laws Guidelines not laws Slide 8-139 FTC’s Fair Information Practice PrinciplesNotice/Awareness i / Sites  must  disclose  information  practices  before  collecting  data. Includes Sit t di l i f ti ti b f ll ti d t I l d identification  of  collector,  uses  of  data,  other  recipients  of  data,  nature  of   collection  (ac tive/inactive),  voluntary  or  required,  consequences  of  refusal,  and   steps  taken  to  protect  confidentiality,  integrity,  and  quality  of  the  data Choice/Consent There  must  be  a  choice  regime  in  place  allowing  consumers  to  choose  how   their  information  will  be  used  for  secondary  purposes  other  than  supporting   the  transaction,  including  internal  use  and  transfer  to  third  parties.Opt? in/Opt? out  must  be  available. Consumers  should  be  able  to  review  and  contest  the  accuracy  and   completeness  of  data  collected  about  them  in  a  timely,  inexpensive  process. Access/Participation ccess/ a c pa o Security y Enforcement Data  collectors  must  take  reasonable  steps  to  assure  that  consumer   information  is  accurate  and  secure  from   unauthorized  use. There  must  be  in  place  a  mechanism  to  enforce  FIP principles. This  can  involve  self? regulation,  legislation  giving  consumers  legal   remedies  for  violations,  or  federal  statutes  and  regulation. di f i l ti f d l t t t d l ti Slide 8-140FTC Recommendations: Online Profiling Principle p Notice Recommendation Complete  transparency  to  user  by  providing  disclosure  and  choice  options   on  the  host  Web  site. â€Å"Robust†Ã‚  notice  for  PII  (time/place  of  collection;   before  collection  begins). Clear  and  conspicuous  notice  for  non PII. before  collection  begins). Clear  and  conspicuous  notice  for  non? PII. Opt? in  for  PII,  opt? out  for  non? PII. No  conversion  of  non? PII  to  PII  without   consent. Opt? out  from  any  or  all  network  advertisers  from  a  single  page   consent Opt out from any or all network advertisers from a single page provided  by  the  host  Web  site.Reasonable  provisions  to  allow  inspection  and  correction. Reasonable  efforts  to  secure  information  from  loss,  misuse,  or  improper   access. Done  by  independent  third  parties,  such  as  seal  programs  and  accounting   Done by independent third parties such as seal programs and accounting firms. medical  topics,  sexual  behavior  or  sexual  orientation,  or  use  Social  Security   medical topics sexual behavior or sexual orientation or use Social Security numbers  for  profiling. Slide 8-141 Choice Access Security EnforcementRestricted  Collection Advertising  networks  will  not  collect  information  about  sensitive  financial  or European Data Protection Directive Privacy  protection  much  stronger  inà ‚  Europe  than  U. S. European  approach:   Comprehensive  and  regulatory  in  nature p g y European  Commission’s  Directive  on  Data  Protection   (1998):   (1998): Standardizes  and  broadens  privacy  protection  in  European  Union   countries Department  of  Commerce  safe  harbor  program: For  U. S. firms  that  wish  to  comply  with  Directive Slide 8-142 Private Industry Self-RegulationSafe  harbor  programs: Private  policy  mechanism  to  meet  objectives  of   Pi t li h i t t bj ti f government  regulations  without  government  involvement e. g. Privacy  seal  programs e g Privacy seal programs Industry  associations  include: Online  Privacy  Alliance  (OPA) Network  Advertising  Initiative  (NAI) CLEAR  Ad  Notice  Technical  Specifications Privacy  advocacy  groups Emerging  privacy  protection  business Slide 8-143 Insight on Business Chief Privacy Officers hi f i ffi Class Discussion Slide 8-144 Technological Solutions Spyware,  pop? p  blockers Cookie  managers k Anonymous  remailers,  surfing Anonymous remailers surfing Platform  for  Privacy  Preferences  (P3P):   Comprehensive  technological  privacy  protection  standard Works  through  user s  Web  browser Works through user’s Web browser Communicates  a  Web  site’s  privacy  policy Compares  site  policy  to  user’s  preferences  or  to  other  standards   such  as  FTC’s  FIP  guidelines  or  EU’s  Data  Protection  Directive Slide 8-145 How P3P Works k Figure  8. 2(A) Slide 8-146 Insight on Technology The Privacy T Th P i Tug of War: fW Advertisers Vs. Consumers Class Discussion Slide 8-147 Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual  property:Encompasses  all  tangible  and  intangible  products  of  human   mind Major  ethical  issue: j How  should  we  treat  property  that  belongs  to  others? Major  social  issue: Major social issue: Is  there  continued  value  in  protecting  intellectual  property  in  the   Internet  age? Major  political  issue: How  can  Internet  and  e? commerce  be  regulated  or  governed  to   g g protect  intellectual  property? Slide 8-148 Intellectual Property Protection Three  main  types  of  protection: Copyright Patent Trademark  law Trademark law Goal  of  intellectual  property  law: Balance  two  competing  interests  Ã¢â‚¬â€ public  and   B l t ti i t t bli d privateMaintaining  this  balance  of  interests  is  always   M i t i i thi b l fi t t i l challenged  by  the  invention  of  new   technologies Slide 8-149 Copyright Protects  original  forms  of  expression  (but  not   ideas)  from   being  copied  by  others  for  a  Ã‚   ideas) from being copied by others for a period  of  time Look  and  feel  copyright  infringement  lawsuits Fair  use  doctrine Fair use doctrine Digital  Millennium  Copyright  Act,  1998 First  major  effort  to  adjust  copyright  laws  to  Internet  age Implements  WIPO  treaty  that  makes  it  illegal  to  make,   distribute,  or  use  devices  that  circumvent  technology? ased  protections  of  copyrighted  materials Slide 8-150 Patents Grant  owner  20? year  monopoly  on  ideas  behind  an   invention Machines Man? made  products p Compositions  of  matter Processing  methods Invention  must  be  new,  non? obvious,  novel Encourages  inventors g Promotes  dissemination  of  new  techniques  through   licensing Stifles  competition  by  raising  barriers  to  entry Slide 8-151 E-co mmerce Patents 1998  State  Street  Bank  &  Trust  v. Signature  Financial   Group Business  method  patents Led  to  explosion  in  application  for  e? commerce  Ã¢â‚¬Å"business   L dt l i i li ti f â€Å"b i methods†Ã‚  patentsMost  European  patent  laws  do  not  recognize   M tE t tl d t i business  methods  unless  based  on  technology Examples Amazon’s  One? click  purchasing DoubleClick’s  dynamic  delivery  of  online  advertising Slide 8-152 Trademarks d k Identify,  distinguish  goods  and  indicate  their   source Purpose p Ensure  Ã‚  consumer  gets  what  is  paid  for/expected  to  receive Protect  owner  against  piracy  and  misappropriation Infringement Market  confusion Bad  faith Dilution Behavior  that  weakens  connection  between  trademark   and  product Slide 8-153 Trademarks & Internet CybersquattingAnticy bersquatting  Consumer  Protection  Act  (ACPA) Cyberpiracy Typosquatting Metatagging M i Keywording y g Deep  linking Framing Slide 8-154 Governance Primary  questions Who  will  control  Internet  and  e? commerce? What  elements  will  be  controlled  and  how? What elements will be controlled and how? Stages  of  governance  and  e? commerce g g Government  Control  Period  (1970–1994) Privatization  (1995–1998) Privatization (1995 1998) Self? Regulation  (1995–present) Government  Regulation  (1998–present) Slide 8-155 Who Governs E-commerce & Internet? Mixed  mode  environmentSelf? regulation,  through  variety  of  Internet  policy   and  technical  bodies,  co exists  with  limited   and technical bodies co? exists with limited government  regulation ICANN  :  Domain  Name  System Internet  could  be  easily  controlled,   I t t ld b il t ll d m onitored,  and  regulated  from  a  central   location Slide 8-156 Taxation E? commerce  taxation  illustrates  complexity  of   governance  and  jurisdiction  issues governance and jurisdiction issues U. S. sales  taxed  by  states  and  local  government MOTO  retailing E? commerce  benefits  from  tax  Ã¢â‚¬Å"subsidy† yOctober  2007:  Congress  extends  tax  moratorium  for   an  additional  seven  years an additional seven years Unlikely  that  comprehensive,  integrated  rational   approach  to  taxation  issue  will  be  determined  for   approach to taxation issue will be determined for some  time  to  come Slide 8-157 Net Neutrality Currently,  all  Internet  traffic  treated  equally  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ all  activities  charged  the  same  rate,  no   ll i i i h d h preferential  assignment  of  bandwidth Backbone  providers  would  like  to  charge   differentiated  prices  and  ration  bandwidth 2010,  U. S. ppeals  court  ruled  that  FCC  had  no   authority  to  regulate  Internet  providers Slide 8-158 Public Safety & Welfare Protection  of  children  and  strong   g sentiments  against  pornography Passing  legislation  that  will  survive  court   P i l i l ti th t ill i t challenges  has  proved  difficult Efforts  to  control  gambling  and  restrict   sales  of  drugs  and  cigarettes sales of drugs and cigarettes Currently  mostly  regulated  by  state  law Unlawful  Internet  Gambling  Enforcement  Act Slide 8-159 Insight on Society Internet Drug Bazaar Class Discussion Slide 8-160

The National Curriculum In Primary Schools Education Essay

The purpose of this assignment is to discourse the tendencies policy that took topographic point in primary instruction from 1988 and 1997. The assignment will get down with analyzing the principle behind the alterations introduced in those old ages. Then it will look at the alterations themselves. The last subdivision will speak about the advantages and disadvantages of those alterations. It should be mentioned from the beginning that I will non be adverting reforms related to secondary and higher instruction, even though they came at the same clip as the Primary schools. The term educational proviso refers to the usage of the equipment or tools with the purpose of supplying cognition and accomplishments, and includes things such as such as, schoolroom, text edition, chairs, pens/pencils and many more for pupils. Education is about the procedure of larning where cognition, accomplishments and information is transmitted. Yero ( 2002 ) believes that instruction is a process of bettering the pupils or students ‘ cognition, accomplishments and character. So instruction can assist to cut down inequality in society. In the United Kingdom, this construct of extinguishing inequality was at the base of alterations in instruction policy. Prior to 1988, instruction in the United Kingdom was wholly different. The determination of the course of study contents was in the custodies of schools, with spiritual instruction being the lone topic which was compulsory. This means that students had different attainment degrees due to following different programmes. Education was ruled by the 1944 Education Act which handed the disposal of schools and the preparation of school policies to local governments ; the lone exclusion being Section 1 where control and way of instruction were given to the Secretary of State. In fact, in the 1944 Education Act, the function of the Department of Education and Science was merely promotional and non one of giving way, which means they could non oversee local governments policies. This Act besides fixed the age of go forthing school at 15 and instituted free secondary instruct ion for all students. However it was noticed that the criterion attained in basic accomplishments by the UK population was low and hapless compared to other European states, and this could non fulfill the state national economic demands ( Department of Education, 2011 ) . To work out the job raised by the falling criterion, the Conservative Government came with the 1988 Education Act, sometimes referred to as the Kennet Baker reform which instituted a standardization of all school programmes, and brought four chief alterations with a position to conveying back the degree ( Young, 2008 ) . The first alteration was the debut of the National Curriculum, which defines four Key Stages, traveling from Key Stage 1 to Key Stage 4. In primary schools, two Key Stages, 1 and 2 were identified: Cardinal Stage 1 for Year 1 and 2 up to age 7 ; Key Stage 2 for Old ages 3 to 6, intending age 7 to age 11. Subsequently on, a Foundation Stage which concerns kids aged 3 up to reception twelvemonth was introduced. The National Curriculum came with a new nomenclature related to two types of school topics, nucleus topics and Foundation topics. In Primary schools, that is Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 2, the course of study consists of the undermentioned topics: English, Maths, scientific discipline, information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) , history, geographics, art and design, music, design and engineering ( D & A ; T ) and Physical Education. This was supplemented by the literacy and numeracy reforms in the 1990s taught everyday to better kids standard in those accomplishments. Another alteration in the course of study was the debut foreign linguistic communications for kids aged 7. This course of study was subsequently reconsidered for betterment. One advantage of National Curriculum is that all kids in England and Wales have the same instruction programmes, and this makes comparing of degrees easier and the transportation of kids from one school to another is made easy. Actually the national Curriculum contains all the subjects to be taught, in footings of cognition, accomplishments and outlooks at the terminal of each cardinal phase ; it besides determines how appraisal has to continue. The 2nd alteration had to make with appraisal of students. Here national criterion trials such as SATs at age 11 ( Standard Assessment undertakings, and subsequently Standard Attainment Tasks ) were put in topographic point, non merely to measure whether they are up to the national criterion expected, but besides to set schemes in topographic point to guarantee betterment in those kids larning. This led to the National Curriculum Council ( NCC ) as an consultative service to the secretary of State in affairs related to the course of study, and the School Examinations and Assessment Council ( SEAC ) in charge of appraisals. The 3rd alteration affected the disposal of schools. As mentioned above, prior to 1988, Education disposal was handled by local governments. In London, for illustration it was in the custodies of the Inner London Education Authority ( ILEA ) , which was created in 1965, while outer London schools were directed by county councils and borough councils. The Education Reform Act of 1988 gave power to schools to choose out of local authorization control and be funded by cardinal authorities, so that schools could pull off their ain fundss. The Local direction of Schools meant that the function of caput instructors included budget direction every bit good ( Powell and Edwards, 2003 ) . This was the beginning of Grant maintained schools, which were subsequently replaced by foundation schools. This led to the abolishment of the Local Education Authority. The forth alteration concerned the creative activity of a conference tabular array where people could travel and compare the public presentation of different schools. It was hoped that such a tabular array would force schools to vie, and hence supply better instruction to kids. InA 1993, another instruction actA came into topographic point. It aimed at increasing the figure of Grant Maintained Schools ; it replaced the NCC and SEAC with School Curriculum and Assessment Authority so that the course of study content could be controlled by the authorities ; more power was given to headteacher in their exclusion determinations of boisterous students ; alterations were introduced for students with particular educational demands ; and the constitution of referral units. An review organic structure called Ofsted came into being to inspect schools in LEAS. Finally the SCAA and NCVQ formed the QCA. In 1997, the Labour Government introduced another reform. The Government introduced specialist schools such as Business, Sport schools so as to diversify instruction and the types of schools. So making parents could hold a assortment of picks to do for their kids. Failing schools were reopened under academies administered by churches or concerns. In disadvantaged countries, the Government created Education Action zone in order to assist better instruction criterion in those countries. Parents were given power and a voice to make up one's mind on the pick of schools for their kids ; they were given power to be represented in the school regulating organic structure. Further, a system of exam conference tabular array was introduced where parents could easy descry schools that are making good, and those falling buttocks. Be it as it may, parents had the responsibility to guarantee that their kids attend schools. School support was linked to the figure of students a school had in its axia l rotation. The deduction was that schools had to vie to better their public presentation so as to pull parents and their kids, and therefore good support every bit good. This is termed the market reform introduced by Conservative authoritiess in the 1980 ‘s and 1990s, where schools were seen as a service and the parents and kids as the clients. As a affair fact, instruction should supply â€Å" valued signifiers of cognition † and fit kids for life ( James and Pollard, 2012 ) In the 1997 White Paper, Excellence in Schools, the rights of parents to information were extended including directing them the kid advancement one-year study, their portion in the review procedure, one-year meeting, leting them to hold entree to the kid ‘s school record. Schools were farther obliged to print an one-year study about their direction and a prospectus. Teachers were besides given power to keep students By so, making the authorities, say the Department of Education gained new power, because they are in charge of the school course of study, non the local governments any more, the types of trials to administrate to pupils, the types of makings to be awarded, the support to give to schools, the nomination of members of the National Curriculum Council to be after the course of study. The blessing of schools that want to choose out, the alteration of school position is given by the State Secretary, even though the engagement of parents should be sought for. He has the disposal of grants. The function of caput instructors besides changed as they became budget directors every bit good. The inquiry 1 might inquire at this point is to cognize whether those reforms were successful. Two positions can be expressed here. On the one manus, the debut of the national Curriculum should be appreciated, because it helps to hold kids expected to hold the same cognition and accomplishments. The trials would assist schools to work hard to better their consequences, and research has revealed that more people are now traveling to university. The conference tabular array gives a better position to parents as to which school is making better, so do an informed pick of schools for their kids. On the other manus, it would look that proving is non good plenty to measure the public presentation of schools, and larning should non be limited to go throughing trials. With the conference tabular array, instruction has turned into fixing students to go through tests, and non a readying for life. The conference tabular array has besides been criticised as it ignores some countries such as Art and athletics. Further, the conference tabular arraies make some schools more popular than others, and this raises troubles for some parents to acquire a school of their pick for their kids. Ball ( 2006 ) examined the constructs of markets in the context of instruction merely to happen that more demands to be discussed, and that such constructs as â€Å" competition, supply and demand, manufacturer and consumer behavior, denationalization and commodification, values and moralss and distributional results † should be references as there is a dearth of research in this field. In Primary schools, instructors complained of the increased work load imposed by the National Curriculum, particularly at the terminal of Key Stage 2 with the readying of SATs, and this lead to Dearing Report which brought the burden down by 20 % ( Alexander, 2012 ) . The system of review besides came into fire by assorted instructors brotherhoods who find the Ofsted as a job, non a solution. Another job concerned the debut of foreign linguistic communication learning at age 7. This raised jobs in a state such as the United land where secondary schools teach assorted linguistic communications, French, German, Spanish. So a kid could larn one linguistic communication in primary school and have a different linguistic communication in secondary schools. This means there will be no continuity as noted by the Guardian ( 2012 ) . The construction of Key Stage 2 has besides been criticized as it takes four old ages which the Model for the National Curriculum found excessively long ( DE, 201 1 ) . To reason, it can be said that there have been one chief Education reform Act, the 1988, and many instruction Acts of the Apostless from 1988 to 1997. The alterations in educational policies in those reforms can be regrouped in three classs: alterations to make with centralization, as instruction moved from local governments to the authorities with the debut of the National Curriculum ; appraisal by results with the usage of national appraisal and the constitution of league-tables to compare the public presentation of different schools, and the quasi-market reform where schools are the makers and kids and their parents as consumers who have picks to do between different schools. In primary schools, the reforms could be noticed with the debut of Key Stages 1 and 2, the national Curriculum with Maths, English and scientific discipline as nucleus topics, while others were considered as foundations and spiritual survey as statutory, the debut of SATs and the literacy and numeracy schemes.

Find and Claim Your Unclaimed Pension With PBGC.gov

Find and Claim Your Unclaimed Pension With PBGC.gov As of 2014, the federal Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation (PBGC), reports there are more than 38,000 people who, for any number of reasons, have not claimed pension benefits they are owed. Those unclaimed pensions are now north of $300 million, with individual benefits ranging from 12 cents to almost $1 million. In 1996, PBGC launched the Pension Search directory Web site to help people who may have forgotten about, or been unaware of pensions they earned during their career. The pension database can be searched by last name, company name, or state where the company had its headquarters. The online service is absolutely free and available 24-hours a day. Updated regularly, the current list identifies some 6,600 companies, primarily in the airline, steel, transportation, machinery, retail trade, apparel, and financial services industries that closed pension plans in which some former workers could not be found. Benefits waiting to be claimed range from as little as $1 up to $611,028. The average unclaimed pension is $4,950. The states with the most missing pension participants and money to be claimed are: New York (6,885/$37.49 million), California (3,081/$7.38 million), New Jersey (2,209/$12.05 million) Texas (1,987/$6.86 million), Pennsylvania (1,944/$9.56 million), Illinois (1,629/$8.75 million) and Florida (1,629/$7.14 million). Does It Work? ​ According to PBGC, in the past 12 years, more than 22,000 people have found $137 million in missing pension benefits through the Pension Search program. The states with the most found participants and pension money claimed are: New York (4,405/$26.31 million), California (2,621/$8.33 million), Florida (2,058/$15.27 million), Texas (2,047/$11.23 million), New Jersey (1,601/$9.99 million), Pennsylvania (1,594/$6.54 million) and Michigan (1,266/$6.54 million). What to Do If You Don't Have Internet at Home For those without access to the Internet at home, many local public libraries, community colleges, and senior centers make computers available to the public that can be used for searching the Pension Search directory. Searchers can also e-mail foundpbgc.gov or missingpbgc.gov if they believe they are entitled to a benefit. What Happens If You Find a Missing Pension? ​ Once the PBGC is contacted by people who find their names in the directory, the agency asks them to provide more details including proof of age and other vital statistics. The identification process generally takes 4-6 weeks. After the PBGC receives a completed application, people currently eligible for a benefit should receive their checks within two months. Those entitled to future benefits will receive their benefits when they reach retirement age. Things You Might Need to Claim Your Pension Several documents may be required or helpful in proving proof of eligibility for a pension. These include: A notification from the company of plan administrator that you are vested in the planAn individual statement of annual plan benefitsA plan exit letter (sent by the employer) noting participation in the plan and a summary plan description showing the plan’s rules, including the rules for vestingA Notice of Potential Private Pension Benefit Information, if sent by the Social Security Administration (SSA) The SSA automatically sends a Notice of Potential Private Pension Benefit Information to people who may be due pensions when they apply for Social Security and Medicare benefits. How Do Pensions Become "Lost?" Many of the names in the Pension Search directory are workers with pensions whose former employers closed pension plans and distributed benefits. Others are workers or retirees missing from underfunded pension plans taken over by the PBGC because the plans did not have enough money to pay benefits. Included in the directory are people who may be able to document that they are owed a benefit, even though current PBGC records show that no benefit is due. Some reasons pensions might go lost or unclaimed include: The company went bankrupt or simply closed and vanished;The company moved to another town, city, or state;The company was bought by or merged with another company and given a new name; orThe company was divided into separate parts, none of which retained the company’s old name. For More Information The PBGCs booklet Finding A Lost Pension also provides tips, suggests potential allies, and details numerous free information sources. It is particularly helpful for those trying to find pensions earned from former employers whose identity may have changed over the years because of changes in company ownership. About the PBGC The PBGC is a federal government agency created under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. It currently guarantees payment of basic pension benefits earned by 44 million American workers and retirees participating in over 30,000 private-sector defined benefit pension plans. The agency receives no funds from general tax revenues. Operations are financed largely by insurance premiums paid by companies that sponsor pension plans and investment returns.