The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Leadership

Leadership Organization Development Journal Emerald Article: Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness Robert Kerr, John Garvin, Norma Heaton, Emily Boyle Article information: To cite this document: Robert Kerr, John Garvin, Norma Heaton, Emily Boyle, (2006),Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness, Leadership Organization Development Journal, Vol. 27 Iss: 4 pp. 265 - 279 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437730610666028 Downloaded on: 27-10-2012 References: This document contains references to 68 other documents Citations: This document has been cited by 29 other documents To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com Users who downloaded this Article also†¦show more content†¦However, they also question the conceptual validity of a key branch (managing emotions) of the MSCEIT. Originality/value – Although EI is viewed as a key determinant of effective leadership within leadership literature there is a relative dearth of supporting research that has not used student sample populations or a conceptually suspect model of EI within their research methodology. Keywords Emotional intelligence, Leadership, Management effectiveness, Intelligence tests Paper type Research paper What is emotional intelligence? Salovey and Mayer (1990) ï ¬ rst established the term â€Å"emotional intelligence†(EI). They hypothesized a framework describing a set of skills: . . . relevant to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feeling to motivate, plan, and achieve in one’s life (Salovey and Mayer, 1990, p. 185). Thus, they implied that the two distinct mental processes, thinking and feeling, actually work together. Their theory of EI focuses on the extent to which people’s cognitive capabilities are informed by emotions and the extent to which emotions are cognitively managed (George, 2000). Since, Salovey and Mayer’s (1990) conceptualization of EI the ï ¬ eld has become inundated with a deluge of different tests all purporting to be effective assessments of an individual’s EI. The mainShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Emotional Intelligence On Leadership999 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Leadership and Leadership development in the non-profit sector. Gone are the days of intelligence relating only to academia and the testing of the intelligence quotient (IQ). The 21st century brought about the introduction of â€Å"emotional intelligence† as an added skill set in a leader’s tool kit. Essentially, the ability be aware and manage one’s own emotions, the others emotions, and effectively applying that information to guide ones thinking and actionsRead MoreImpact of Emotional Intelligence on Leadership3981 Words   |  16 PagesTHE IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON LEADERSHIP INTRODUCTION Our World today has more civilized societies with ever expanding population, having diversity in racial polarization, creed and gender. One common thread or feature in all these people is that everyone has feelings and emotions, and emotions engender emotional intelligence. We, being humans, are superior over other living creatures- we can think, feel and rationalize. Because of that we are being deluded by many behaviours, traitsRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : The Impact Vulnerability Has On Leadership Within Nursing Care1520 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional Intelligence: The Impact Vulnerability Has On Leadership within Nursing Care Empathy is used to describe a wide range of experiences. It is the â€Å"capacity† to share and understand other people’s emotions and another’s â€Å"state of mind†. Empathy is being able to imagine what someone else might be thinking or feeling, while maintaining a state of vulnerability to one’s previous experiences, biases, and emotions. Empathy is a very powerful concept that is often misunderstood, or discountedRead MoreHow Leadership Styles Influence On An Organization s Climate Essay1019 Words   |  5 Pages The article of Leadership That Gets Results provides the six leadership styles for individuals to understand how leadership styles influence on an organization’s climate. Furthermore, the six leadership styles are consisted of the emotional intelligence: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and social skill. Therefore, these three concepts, such as the six leadership styles, the elements of emotional intelligen ce, and an organization’s climate, will influence each other because theRead MoreThe Skills And Knowledge I Learned Through The Course1510 Words   |  7 Pagesmany things in leadership such as management vs leadership, emotional intelligence, team stages of development, situational leadership, servant leadership, and Myers-Brigs Personality assessment tool. Also, while taking this course, I also identified my dependable strengths as well as my areas of weakness. At the beginning, I will talk about my personal definition of leadership. Then, I will summarize my self-evaluation/self-assessment by using MBTI, Big 5, and Emotional Intelligence. I will alsoRead MoreEmotional Inelligence Essay examples1669 Words   |  7 Pagesyears emotional intelligence has become one of the hottest topics between organizations. Researches have been working on this topic for time to time, to demonstrate or refute the importance of feelings. In the beginning common thoughts from managers and or supervisors were; emotions are in the way; emotions try to keep us from making good decisions; emotions increase a lack on focusing. Fortunately, an indeed research takes emotional intelligence to an ultimate ideal in which intelligence is basedRead MoreEmotional Intelligence ( Eq )950 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence (EQ) can best be described as the ability to identify and manage your own emotions as well as others (Psychology Today). Generically speaking, this definition will suffice, but the more detailed levels of understanding help provide a clearer picture as to what emotional intelligence is. A high level of EQ has a direct correlation with effective leadership because both subjects involve groups of people. Emotional Intelligence can be broken up into five categories, all of whichRead MoreLeadership Styles And Their Preferred Language Of Appreciation1017 Words   |  5 Pagesstewardship of the HR profession. Management leadership is an ongoing responsibility and an art that develops over time. According to the late George Terry (1981), the primary task of a manger is to enable a working environment that will induce and maintain an enthusiastic desire to accomplish work among employees (p. 90). Leadership progresses with experience, observation, and interaction with employees. The critical understanding of leadership is being able to motivate employees to invest theirRead MoreThe Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Leadership1232 Words   |  5 Pagesarticles to discuss the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership. I will discuss the reasoning for the credibility of each source chosen for this paper, summarize interesting information provided by each article, discuss any findings related to the topic, and discuss how the topic will influence my future behaviors. Overview of Credible Sources Before I can start discussing the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership, I must explain why the three sources used inRead MoreEmotional Intelligence Impact An Employees Communication And Success1329 Words   |  6 Pageswill address how emotional intelligence impacts an employees’ communication and success in an organization. Recognizing, understanding and managing the verbal and non-verbal emotions of themselves and others can positively impact their performance and the organizations. Emotional intelligence could be the missing link from taking an organization from good to great. Emotional Intelligence: The Missing Link The understanding of how individuals with average intellectual intelligence (IQ) could outperform The Impact Of Emotional Intelligence On Leadership The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Leadership and Leadership development in the non-profit sector. Gone are the days of intelligence relating only to academia and the testing of the intelligence quotient (IQ). The 21st century brought about the introduction of â€Å"emotional intelligence† as an added skill set in a leader’s tool kit. Essentially, the ability be aware and manage one’s own emotions, the others emotions, and effectively applying that information to guide ones thinking and actions (Salovey and Mayer 1990). This type of leader is mindful not to offend, employing an empathetic approach while genuinely using self-discipline and care when interacting with others. According to Goleman (1998) â€Å"Effective leaders are alike in one crucial way: they all have a high degree of emotional intelligence. â€Å" His position is a good leader will know what type of leadership to engage, based on the situation. Leaders in the nonprofit behavioral health arena are expected to work through and connect with diverse groups of people, while demonstrating the skills to actively listen and discern situations empathetically. Affective imagination is the leader with a self-awareness, which effectively responds to intellectual and emotionally challenging situations (Stephenson, 2011). According to Cote Miners (2006) the adaptation of emotional competencies are essential for several domains of life which helps to pique interest in the concept of EI. The relationship of EI has been exploredShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Leadership7109 Words   |  29 PagesLeadership Organization Development Journal Emerald Article: Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness Robert Kerr, John Garvin, Norma Heaton, Emily Boyle Article information: To cite this document: Robert Kerr, John Garvin, Norma Heaton, Emily Boyle, (2006),Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness, Leadership Organization Development Journal, Vol. 27 Iss: 4 pp. 265 - 279 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437730610666028 Downloaded on:Read MoreImpact of Emotional Intelligence on Leadership3981 Words   |  16 PagesTHE IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON LEADERSHIP INTRODUCTION Our World today has more civilized societies with ever expanding population, having diversity in racial polarization, creed and gender. One common thread or feature in all these people is that everyone has feelings and emotions, and emotions engender emotional intelligence. We, being humans, are superior over other living creatures- we can think, feel and rationalize. Because of that we are being deluded by many behaviours, traitsRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : The Impact Vulnerability Has On Leadership Within Nursing Care1520 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional Intelligence: The Impact Vulnerability Has On Leadership within Nursing Care Empathy is used to describe a wide range of experiences. It is the â€Å"capacity† to share and understand other people’s emotions and another’s â€Å"state of mind†. Empathy is being able to imagine what someone else might be thinking or feeling, while maintaining a state of vulnerability to one’s previous experiences, biases, and emotions. Empathy is a very powerful concept that is often misunderstood, or discountedRead MoreHow Leadership Styles Influence On An Organization s Climate Essay1019 Words   |  5 Pages The article of Leadership That Gets Results provides the six leadership styles for individuals to understand how leadership styles influence on an organization’s climate. Furthermore, the six leadership styles are consisted of the emotional intelligence: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and social skill. Therefore, these three concepts, such as the six leadership styles, the elements of emotional intelligen ce, and an organization’s climate, will influence each other because theRead MoreThe Skills And Knowledge I Learned Through The Course1510 Words   |  7 Pagesmany things in leadership such as management vs leadership, emotional intelligence, team stages of development, situational leadership, servant leadership, and Myers-Brigs Personality assessment tool. Also, while taking this course, I also identified my dependable strengths as well as my areas of weakness. At the beginning, I will talk about my personal definition of leadership. Then, I will summarize my self-evaluation/self-assessment by using MBTI, Big 5, and Emotional Intelligence. I will alsoRead MoreEmotional Inelligence Essay examples1669 Words   |  7 Pagesyears emotional intelligence has become one of the hottest topics between organizations. Researches have been working on this topic for time to time, to demonstrate or refute the importance of feelings. In the beginning common thoughts from managers and or supervisors were; emotions are in the way; emotions try to keep us from making good decisions; emotions increase a lack on focusing. Fortunately, an indeed research takes emotional intelligence to an ultimate ideal in which intelligence is basedRead MoreEmotional Intelligence ( Eq )950 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence (EQ) can best be described as the ability to identify and manage your own emotions as well as others (Psychology Today). Generically speaking, this definition will suffice, but the more detailed levels of understanding help provide a clearer picture as to what emotional intelligence is. A high level of EQ has a direct correlation with effective leadership because both subjects involve groups of people. Emotional Intelligence can be broken up into five categories, all of whichRead MoreLeadership Styles And Their Preferred Language Of Appreciation1017 Words   |  5 Pagesstewardship of the HR profession. Management leadership is an ongoing responsibility and an art that develops over time. According to the late George Terry (1981), the primary task of a manger is to enable a working environment that will induce and maintain an enthusiastic desire to accomplish work among employees (p. 90). Leadership progresses with experience, observation, and interaction with employees. The critical understanding of leadership is being able to motivate employees to invest theirRead MoreThe Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Leadership1232 Words   |  5 Pagesarticles to discuss the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership. I will discuss the reasoning for the credibility of each source chosen for this paper, summarize interesting information provided by each article, discuss any findings related to the topic, and discuss how the topic will influence my future behaviors. Overview of Credible Sources Before I can start discussing the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership, I must explain why the three sources used inRead MoreEmotional Intelligence Impact An Employees Communication And Success1329 Words   |  6 Pageswill address how emotional intelligence impacts an employees’ communication and success in an organization. Recognizing, understanding and managing the verbal and non-verbal emotions of themselves and others can positively impact their performance and the organizations. Emotional intelligence could be the missing link from taking an organization from good to great. Emotional Intelligence: The Missing Link The understanding of how individuals with average intellectual intelligence (IQ) could outperform

Religious Women in Medieval Time Essay - 1451 Words

Religious Women in Medieval Time The Middle Ages did not offer women many options of lifestyles. During these times women could either be virgin martyrs and sacrifice themselves in religious rituals, or become wives and mother. None of these options offered women a real chance to live, to create, to enjoy. New options emerged, these options allowed them not only to live free of male dominance, but also to be educated and to use their creativity in areas like music, theater, science, and philosophy. These options were monastic life, mysticism and life among the Beguines. Among the women who opted one of these ways of life, were: Hrotswitha, Hildegard and Teresa of Avila, whose work was among the most famous and recognized in the†¦show more content†¦In this manuscript, a series of fine illustrations representing the Apocalypse (compiled by Beatus). Another option for these women was to become Rubricators. The women who chose this kind of work where in charge of the design of the first letters of the paragrap h, each of which was a work of art on it own. Many of the women who created this letter took credit of their work by including either their names, picture and sometimes both as part of the design of the letters (Guda, Claricia). In addition to the work women did in sacred books, they also used their creativity in writing. Hrotswitha is one of the most notable writers from this period, in fact she was the first women playwright. These plays were read or performed by other nuns in the convent, which also allowed then the opportunity to develop their creativity while acting. Music was another field in which women did great creative work. They composed music which was then sing by other nuns, usually in ritual ceremonies (Hildegard). Another area women extended their work to was teaching, as well as preaching in the surrounding areas of their convents and sometimes having great impact in the people (Teresa of Avila). Mysticism was another option for some of the women in this time, and it was as important for them as the first amendment of the constitution is for us because it gave them freedom of speech. Mysticism gave these women someShow MoreRelatedEssay on Jewish Women in Medieval Ashkenaz1547 Words   |  7 Pages Medieval Jewish society, like all traditional Jewish culture, was run by patriarchal hierarchy â€Å"Philosophical, medical, and religious views of the time all supported the view that men were superior to women both in nature and in deed† . Women’s position in society was secondary in comparison to that of men. They were characterized as lightheaded, weak, easily seduced, and linked to sorcery. This essay will focus on the Jewish women living in the medieval society of Ashkenaz, a region of northernRead MoreJewish Nation and Religious Persecution1627 Words   |  7 Pagesdraw people together, it can also tear people apart. Throughout history, the Jewish nation has been plagued by persecution as a result of their religion. In Medieval times, the Jews faced blood libels and crusades. If they were to convert, then they would become accepted members into society; however, if they were to remain true to their religious ideals they would be killed. In modern Europe, Jews faced struggles such as Emancipation and the Holocaust. All they wanted was to become accepted in society;Read MoreEssay Life for Medieval Women1331 Words   |  6 PagesMedieval society was completely dominated by men, making a women’s life at the time difficult. Medieval law at the time stated that women could not marry without their parents consent, could not divorce their husbands, could not own pro perty unless widows, could not inherit land if they had surviving brothers, and could own no business with special permission (Trueman, â€Å"Medieval Women†). When a woman married a man, he would get any property she owned and she would forfeit any rights she had to himRead More Medieval Piety Essays1629 Words   |  7 Pagestakes on a character all of its own as it is lived out differently in the lives of medieval men and women spanning from ordinary laity to vehement devotees. Though it is difficult to identify what the average faith consists of in the Middle Ages, the life told of a radical devotee in The Book of Margery Kempe provides insight to the highly intense version of medieval paths of approaching Christ. Another medieval religious text, The Cloud of Unknowing, provides a record of approaching the same ChristRead MoreMedieval Chivalry Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagesof the code of chivalry held a separate role in society. Whether it be religious or barbaric, chiv alry tended to hold a moral guideline among those who followed it. This moral guideline held them true to their duties to man, God, and women (Sex, Society, and Medieval Women). All of which are reflected in the three themes of Chivalry: Warrior chivalry, religious chivalry, and courtly love chivalry (Sex, Society, and Medieval Women). These three hold their individual roles, all stimulating a differentRead MoreLiterary Analysis : St. Clare Of Assisi1471 Words   |  6 Pagescomposed or directed by the women are probably the most profitable in giving understanding into how women thought and felt. As one may expect, most female created works get by from women of higher economic well-being, since women of lower status were very nearly never taught to peruse or compose. Religious ladies, case in point, may describe their dreams, counsel, or directions, especially for the enlighten Hildegard were among the most lucid and most scholarly of medieval ladies, utilizing the composedRead Mor eThe Middle Ages Was A Great Era For Artists And They Produced Great Artistic Works That?1576 Words   |  7 Pagesperson in medieval society and was protected by his men and knights. The king ruled over many lands and gave part of his land to Lords. Next on the pyramid were the Knights. The Knights were warriors who were taught to protect the king and in return were given land. Only the sons of Lords could become Knights and they had to start at the young age of seven and at the age of thirteen they would become squires and at twenty-one, they would be fully Knights. Next were noble men and noble women. NobleRead MoreChaucer s The Canterbury Tales906 Words   |  4 PagesChaucer’s, The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer reveals his dissatisfaction of the distribution of power and how that power was maintained in the Medieval England estate system, through the use of his physical description of each of the pilgrims and by the personality of specific members of each caste. To portray these characters and the flaws that they represent in actual medieval society, Chaucer heavily relies on the use of irony to describe many of the travelers in ways that are complete opposites of how theyRead MoreThe Pardoners Prologue And Tale By Chaucer Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagesreflection of the society of the time, did break free of previous constraints to create something new, and was reflective of on-going conversation in society during the Middle Ages. â€Å"The Pardoner’s Prologue and Tale† was a reflection of the world around it and the society during the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages was a period of religious change and â€Å"The Pardoner’s Prologue and Tale† was a story about a pardoner with a significant religious aspect. The pardoners at that time were influential and would preachRead MoreTrue Womanhood, By The Virgin Mary, Eve, And Noah s Wife1470 Words   |  6 Pagesalong with women in medieval drama. Thinking of these two concepts, the question arises are they any true women in medieval plays? The multiple plays that we have read, there are many different types of women that have been discussed. These plays covered drastic differences with the way the women acted, and their actions towards the men in their lives and certain circumstances. Through four plays, there are four women that come to mind Gil, the Virgin Mary, Eve, and Noah’s wife. These women have major

Forecasting at Hard Rock Cafe Free Essays

For the following case: †¢View the Video Case for Chapter 3 for OMMyLab †¢Bulletize the following (so that the case can be understood fully from your bullets and not have to read the case) †¢Clearly articulate the question(s) you are answering before providing you answer †¢Quantitative Issue The manager is trying to evaluate how a new advertising campaign affects guest counts. Using data for the past 10 months (see the table) develop a least squares regression relationship and then forecast the expected guest count when advertising is $65,000. Provide the answer to your boss and then provide the model as backup) †¢Qualitative Issues 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Forecasting at Hard Rock Cafe or any similar topic only for you Order Now Describe three different forecasting applications at Hard Rock. Name three other areas in which you think Hard Rock could use forecasting models. (Justify your choices) 2. What is the role of the POS system in forecasting at Hard Rock? 3. Justify the use of the weighting system used for evaluating man ¬agers for annual bonuses. 4. Name several variables besides those mentioned in the case that could be used as good predictors of daily sales in each cafe. Provide backup using appropriate technology (Provide the spreadsheets as spreadsheets). Forecasting at Hard Rock Cafe With the growth of Hard Rock Cafe—from one pub in London in 1971 to more than 129 restaurants in more than 40 countries today—came a corporate wide demand for better forecasting. Hard Rock uses long-range forecasting in setting a capacity plan and intermediate-term forecasting for locking in contracts for leather goods (used in jackets) and for such food items as beef, chicken, and pork. Its short-term sales forecasts are conducted each month, by cafe, and then aggregated for a headquarters view. The heart of the sales forecasting system is the point-of-sale sys ¬tem (FOS), which, in effect, captures transaction data on nearly every person who walks through a cafe’s door. The sale of each entree repre ¬sents one customer; the entree sales data are transmitted daily to the Orlando corporate headquarters’ database. There, the financial team, headed by Todd Lindsey, begins the forecast process. Lindsey fore ¬casts monthly guest counts, retail sales, banquet sales, and concert sales (if applicable) at each cafe. The general managers of individual cafes tap into the same database to prepare a daily forecast for their sites. A cafe manager pulls up prior years’ sales for that day, adding information from the local Chamber of Commerce or Tourist Board on upcoming events such as a major convention, sporting event, or con ¬cert in the city where the cafe is located. The daily forecast is further broken into hourly sales, which drives employee scheduling. An hourly forecast of $5,500 in sales translates into 19 workstations, which are further broken down into a specific number of wait staff, hosts, bartenders, and kitchen staff. Computerized scheduling software plugs in people based on their availability. Variances between forecast and actual sales are then examined to see why errors occurred. Hard Rock doesn’t limit its use of forecasting tools to sales. To evaluate managers and set bonuses, a 3-year weighted moving average is applied to cafe sales. If cafe general managers exceed their targets, a bonus is computed. Todd Lindsey, at corporate headquarters, applies weights of 40% to the most recent year’s sales, 40% to the year before, and 20% to sales 2 years ago in reaching his moving average. An even more sophisticated application of statistics is found in Hard Rock’s menu planning. Using multiple regression, managers can compute the impact on demand of other menu items if the price of one item is changed. For example, if the price of a cheeseburger increases from $7. 99 to $8. 99, Hard Rock can predict the effect this will have on sales of chicken sandwiches, pork sandwiches, and salads. Managers do the same analysis on menu placement, with the center section driving higher sales volumes. When an item such as a hamburger is moved off the center to one of the side flaps, the corresponding effect on related items, say french fries, is determined. Hard Rock’s Moscow Cafe Data Month 12345678910 Guest count 21 24 27 32 29 37 43 43 54 66 (in thousands) Advertising 14 17 25 25 35 35 45 50 60 60 (in $ thousand) How to cite Forecasting at Hard Rock Cafe, Essay examples

Visual Culture free essay sample

Visual culture Visual Culture as an academic subject is a field of study that generally includes some combination of cultural studies, art history, critical theory, philosophy, and anthropology, by focusing on aspects of culture that rely on visual images. Anthropology /? n? r p? l? d? i/ is the academic study of humanity. It deals with all that is characteristic of the human experience, from physiology and the evolutionary origins to the social and cultural organization of human societies as well as individual and collective forms of human experience. It has origins in the humanities, the natural sciences, and the social sciences. 1] The term anthropology is from the Greek anthropos ( ), man, understood to mean humankind or humanity, and -logia (- ), discourse or study. Anthropologys basic concerns are the definition of human life and origin, how social relations among humans are organized, who the ancestors of modern Homo sapiens are, what the characterizations of human physical traits are, how humans behave, why there are variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture and so forth. citation needed] Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. [1][2] Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. [3] The word philosophy comes from the Greek (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom. [4][5][6] Critical theory is a school of thought that stresses the examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. The term has two different meanings with different origins and histories: one originating in sociology and the other in literary criticism. This has led to the very literal use of critical theory as an umbrella term to describe any theory founded upon critique. According to critical theorist Max Horkheimer a theory is critical in so far as it seeks to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them (Horkheimer 1982, 244). In a narrow sense, critical theory refers to a style of neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School, developed in Europe in the 1930s with a tendency to engage ith the work of thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud. [1] Modern critical theory arose from a trajectory extending from the antipositivist sociology of Max Weber and Georg Simmel, the Marxist theory of Georg Lukacs and Antonio Gramsci, toward the milieu associated with Frankfurt Institute of Social Research. Five Frankfurt School theorists were chiefly responsible for estab lishing critical theory as a specific strand of thought: Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, and, slightly later, Jurgen Habermas. With the latter, critical theory shed its roots in German idealism and moved closer to American pragmatism. The concern for a social base and superstructure is one of the few remaining Marxist concepts in much contemporary critical theory. [2] Whilst the critical theorists are usually defined as Marxist intellectuals[who? ], their tendency to denounce so many Marxian elements has been attacked as revisionism by stricter Marxists. Martin Jay suggests that the first generation of critical theory is best understood not as promoting any specific philosophical agenda or ideology, but rather as a gadfly of other systems. [3] Art history has historically been understood as the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, i. e. genre, design, format, and style. [1] This includes the major arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture as well as the minor arts of ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects. As a term, art history (also history of art) encompasses several methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and architecture. Aspects of the discipline overlap. As the art historian Ernst Gombrich once observed, the field of art history [is] much like Caesars Gaul, divided in three parts inhabited by three different, though not necessarily hostile tribes: (i) the connoisseurs, (ii) the critics, and (iii) the academic art historians. [2] Overview Among theorists working within contemporary culture, this field of study often overlaps with film studies, psychoanalytic theory, gender studies, queer theory, and the study of television; it can also include video game studies, comics, traditional artistic media, advertising, the Internet, and any other medium that has a crucial visual component. The field’s versatility stems from the range of objects contained under the term â€Å"visual culture,† which aggregates â€Å"visual events in which information, meaning or pleasure is sought by the consumer in an interface with visual technology. The term â€Å"visual technology† refers any media designed for purposes of perception or with the potential to augment our visual capability. [1] Because of the changing technological aspects of visual culture as well as a scientific method-derived desire to create taxonomies or articulate what the visual is, many aspects of Visual Culture overlap with the study of science and technology, including hybrid electronic media, cognitive science, neurology, and image and brain theory. In an interview with the Journal of Visual Culture, academic Martin Jay explicates the rise of this tie between the visual and the technological: â€Å"Insofar as we live in a culture whose technological advances abet the production and dissemination of such images at a hitherto unimagined level, it is necessary to focus on how they work and what they do, rather than move past them too quickly to the ideas they represent or the reality they purport to depict. In so doing, we necessarily have to ask questions about . . . echnological mediations and extensions of visual experience. †[2] It also may overlap with another emerging field, that of Performance Studies. As â€Å"the turn from art history to visual culture studies parallels a turn from theater studies to performance studies,† it is clear that the perspectival shift that both emerging fields embody is comparable. [3] Visual Culture goes by a variety of names at different institutions, including Visual and Critica l Studies, Visual and Cultural Studies, and Visual Studies. citation needed] [edit] History Early work on visual culture has been done by John Berger (Ways of Seeing, 1972) and Laura Mulvey (Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, 1975) that follows on from Jacques Lacans theorization of the unconscious gaze. Twentieth-century pioneers such as Gyorgy Kepes and William Ivins, Jr. as well as iconic phenomenologists like Maurice Merleau-Ponty also played important roles in creating a foundation for the discipline. Major work on visual culture has been done by W. J. T. Mitchell, particularly in his books Iconology and Picture Theory, and by the art historian and cultural theorist Griselda Pollock. Other writers important to visual culture include Stuart Hall, Roland Barthes, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Rosalind Krauss, Paul Crowther and Slavoj Zizek. Continuing work has been done by Lisa Cartwright, Margarita Dikovitskaya, Chris Jencks, Nicholas Mirzoeff and Gail Finney. Visual Culture studies have been increasingly important in religious studies through the work of David Morgan, Sally Promey, Jeffrey F. Hamburger, and S. Brent Plate. edit] Differentiating Between Visual Culture Studies and Image Studies While the image remains a focal point in visual culture studies, it is the relations between images and consumers that are evaluated for their cultural significance, not just the image in and of itself. Martin Jay clarifies, â€Å"Although images of all kinds have long served as illustrations of arguments made discursively, the growth of visual culture as a field has allowed them to be examined more in their own terms as complex figural artifacts or the stimulants to visual experiences. [4] Likewise, W. J. T. Mitchell explicitly distinguishes the two fields in his claim that visual culture studies â€Å"helps us to see that even something as broad as the image does not exhaust the field of visuality; that visual studies is not the same thing as image studies, and that the study of the visual image is just one component of the larger field. †[5] Cultural studies From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Cultural studies is an academic field grounded in critical theory and literary criticism. Characteristically interdisciplinary, cultural studies provides a reflexive network of intellectuals attempting to situate the forces constructing our daily lives. It concerns the political dynamics of contemporary culture, as well as its historical foundations, conflicts and defining traits. It is distinguished from cultural anthropology and ethnic studies in both objective and methodology. Researchers concentrate on how a particular medium or message relates to ideology, social class, nationality, ethnicity, sexuality and/or gender, rather than investigating a particular culture or area of the world. 1] Cultural studies approaches subjects holistically, combining feminist theory, social theory, political theory, history, philosophy, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, communication studies, political economy, translation studies, museum studies and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies. Thus, cultural studies seeks to understand the w ays in which meaning is generated, disseminated, and produced through various practices, beliefs and institutions. Also politically, economically and even social structures within a given culture. Celebrity A celebrity, also referred to as a celeb in popular culture, is a person who has a prominent profile and commands a great degree of public fascination and influence in day-to-day media. The term is synonymous with wealth (commonly denoted as a person with fame and fortune), implied with great popular appeal, prominence in a particular field, and is easily recognized by the general public. Various careers within the fields of sports and entertainment are commonly associated with celebrity status. Hero worship Hero worship is defined as the foolish or excessive adulation for an individual[1]. In Wikipedia, you may be searching for: †¢Hero Worship (Sandra Bernhard album), an album released by Sandra Bernhard †¢Hero Worship (Hal Crook album) †¢Hero Worship (TNG episode), an episode Star Trek: The Next Generation †¢Hero Worship, a song by The B-52s which is included on their debut album, The B-52s †¢Hero cult in ancient Greece †¢Apotheosis, raising a person to the level of a deity †¢Cult of personality, a political weapon used mainly in dictatorships Gender Gender is a range of characteristics used to distinguish between males and females, particularly in the cases of men and women and the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to them. Depending on the context, the discriminating characteristics vary from sex to social role to gender identity. Culture of India The culture of India refers to the religions, beliefs, customs, traditions, languages, ceremonies, arts, values and the way of life in India and its people. Indias languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, and customs differ from place to place within the country. Its culture often labeled as an amalgamation of these diverse sub-cultures is spread all over the Indian subcontinent and traditions that are several millennia old. [1] Regarded by many historians as the oldest living civilization of Earth, the Indian tradition dates back to 8000 BC,[2] and has a continuous recorded history since the time of the Vedas, believed variously to be 3,000 to over 5,500 years ago. [3] Several elements of Indias diverse culture, such as Indian religions, yoga, and Indian cuisine, have had a profound impact across the world.